ArticleGut2025
Spatial single-cell profiling and neighbourhood analysis reveal the determinants of immune architecture connected to checkpoint inhibitor therapy outcome in hepatocellular carcinoma.
Article in Gut, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 41 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
41 citing papers in PubMed.
- Trial
- Macrophage-CD8medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Spatiotemporal mapping of tertiary lymphoid structure heterogeneity shapes immune niches and clinical outcomes in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.Science advances · 2026Article
- Article
- Review
- An Integrated Spatial Multi-Omics Workflow for Sequential RNA and Protein Profiling in FFPE Tumor Tissue.Cancer research communications · 2026Article
- Review
- Spatial Immunology in Translation: Linking Immune Organisation to Therapeutic Outcome.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Spatiotemporal heterogeneity of neutrophil extracellular traps in hepatocellular carcinoma microenvironment and targeted therapy progress.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- Combination Immunotherapy as a Promising Strategy to Overcome Immunotherapy Resistance: From Emergence to Next-Generation Approaches.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Review
- From Theory to Practice: Which Biomarkers Are Ready for Predicting Response in Advanced HCC?Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver · 2026Review
- Spatial immune profiling complements genomic sequencing in biliary tract cancer: hypothesis-generating use cases.ESMO gastrointestinal oncology · 2026Article
- Review
- Spatial profiling defines three immunophenotypes and a perineural invasion-associated immune-evasion niche in gallbladder cancer.JHEP reports : innovation in hepatology · 2026Article
- Article
- Carbonic anhydrase 9 as a circulating biomarker and therapeutic target in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated with atezolizumab plus bevacizumab.Journal for immunotherapy of cancer · 2026Article
- Improving surgical treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma.Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology · 2026Review
- Article
- The automated computational workflow QUICHE reveals structural definitions of antitumor responses in triple-negative breast cancer.Nature cancer · 2026Article
- Multi-omics analysis reveals that CAPG positive macrophages are key immunosuppressive drivers and prognostic determinants in the ferroptosis landscape of hepatocellular carcinoma.Discover oncology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
20 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe determinants of the response to checkpoint immunotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain poorly understood. The organisation of the immune response in the tumour microenvironment (TME) is expected to govern immunotherapy outcomes but spatial immunotypes remain poorly defined.
objectiveWe hypothesised that the deconvolution of spatial immune network architectures could identify clinically relevant immunotypes in HCC.
designWe conducted highly multiplexed imaging mass cytometry on HCC tissues from 101 patients. We performed in-depth spatial single-cell analysis in a discovery and validation cohort to deconvolute the determinants of the heterogeneity of HCC immune architecture and develop a spatial immune classification that was tested for the prediction of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy.
resultsBioinformatic analysis identified 23 major immune, stroma, parenchymal and tumour cell types in the HCC TME. Unsupervised neighbourhood detection based on the spatial interaction of immune cells identified three immune architectures with differing involvement of immune cells and immune checkpoints dominated by either CD8 T-cells, myeloid immune cells or B- and CD4 T-cells. We used these to define three major spatial HCC immunotypes that reflect a higher level of intratumour immune cell organisation: depleted, compartmentalised and enriched. Progression-free survival under ICI therapy differed significantly between the spatial immune types with improved survival of enriched patients. In patients with intratumour heterogeneity, the presence of one enriched area governed long-term survival.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.