ArticleActa otorhinolaryngologica Italica : organo ufficiale della Societa italiana di otorinolaringologia e chirurgia cervico-facciale2024
TIM-3-driven macrophage polarisation is associated to recalcitrant chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.
Article in Acta otorhinolaryngologica Italica : organo ufficiale della Societa italiana di otorinolaringologia e chirurgia cervico-facciale, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Beyond type 2 inflammation: An innate-myeloid axis is linked to recurrence of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2026Article
- Regulation of macrophage polarization in chronic airway inflammatory diseases: immune interactions, metabolic reprogramming, and beyond.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The advance on pathophysiological mechanisms of type 2 chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis.Frontiers in allergy · 2025Review
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
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Abstract
Objective: This study evaluated the expression of TIM-3 and its influence on macrophage polarisation in recalcitrant chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). Methods: We detected TIM-3 expression in serum and tissue samples of healthy controls (HC), primary CRSwNP, and patients with recurrent CRSwNP. Macrophage markers were detected among three groups, and their correlations with TIM-3 levels were examined. Macrophages from circulating blood were collected and used to examine the impact of TIM-3 on polarisation Results: TIM-3 levels were enhanced in the CRSwNP group compared to the HC group. Tissue immunofluorescence revealed elevated TIM-3 expression in patients with CRSwNP, and patients with multiple recurrences exhibited higher TIM-3 levels compared to their first recurrence and baseline levels. Tissue CD163 and CD206 levels were higher in recurrent CRSwNP in comparison with primary cases and HCs, and had a positive correlation with TIM-3 levels. TIM-3 overexpression promoted M2 polarisation and enhanced TGF-β1 and IL-10 secretion. Conclusions: TIM-3 expression was enhanced in patients with CRSwNP, especially in those undergoing revision surgeries. TIM-3 may be a novel biomarker for recalcitrant CRSwNP. TIM-3-driven M2 polarisation might be involved in the mechanisms of recurrent CRSwNP.
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