ReviewAnimal welfare (South Mimms, England)2024
Conceptual foundations for a clarified meaning of the 3Rs principles in animal experimentation.
Review in Animal welfare (South Mimms, England), 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
13 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Application of animal organ models in laparoscopic surgery training: a systematic review.Surgical endoscopy · 2026Pooled it
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- Temporal dynamics of thermal warming in brown trout hepatocyte spheroids: ultrastructural and immunocytochemical evidence of cellular remodelling.Cell and tissue research · 2026Article
- Engineering the Healing Process: Advanced In Vitro Wound Models and Technologies.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Ovary laparoscopic incision and intraovarian platelet-rich plasma induce distinct cortical stiffness changes and follicular activation in aged sheep-a pilot study.Journal of assisted reproduction and genetics · 2026Article
- Acepromazine Reduces Airway Contraction in a Murine Model of Asthma.Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology · 2026Article
- The application of experimental models for the drug discovery for digestive tumors.Molecular cancer · 2026Review
- Induced and spontaneous uterine leiomyomas in animal models: a scoping review.Acta cirurgica brasileira · 2026Article
- Ultrastructural and Immunohistochemical Study on the Nephrotoxicity Following Intravitreal Administration of the Antifungal Agents Voriconazole and Micafungin in New Zealand White Rabbits.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Friend or foe: assessing the value of animal models for facilitating clinical breakthroughs in complement research.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Review
- Toxicity Assessment and Antifungal Potential of Copper(II) and Silver(I) Complexes with 1,10-Phenanthroline-5,6-dione Against Drug-Resistant Clinical Isolates ofJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Equivalence and endothelial safety of temporary intracoronary shunt device: Insights from preclinical porcine and rabbit models.PloS one · 2025Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Russell and Burch's 1959 original definitions of the 3Rs (replacement, reduction and refinement) are widely used today as standards for the ethical use of non-human animals in research, although they have a number of limitations. Authors and institutions around the world have addressed some of these, coming up in certain cases with more accurate, functional, and up-to-date definitions. However, not only do there still remain limitations needing to be addressed, but some that have been addressed resulted in discrepancies, contradictions, and general confusion as to how best apply the 3Rs in practice. In order to clarify the meaning of the 3Rs and enable more optimal implementation of these principles in animal experimentation, this article provides a theoretical discussion for revised definitions of the original 3Rs via examination of some of their main limitations and inconsistencies. First, we offer up the original definitions as presented in the context of Russell and Burch's book
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.