ArticleObstetrics and gynecology international2024
Association of Hormonal Contraceptives with Depression among Women in Reproductive Age Groups: A Cross-Sectional Analytic Study.
Article in Obstetrics and gynecology international, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Detection of Problems Related to Hormonal Contraceptives in Community Pharmacy: Application of a Structured Questionnaire in Women of Childbearing Age.Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Hormonal Contraceptive Use and Affective Disorders: An Updated Review.Open access journal of contraception · 2025Review
- Depression and Its Associated Factor Among Women Using Hormonal Contraceptives: A Cross-Sectional Study in Jimma Town Public Health Facilities, Southwest Ethiopia, 2022.Women's health reports (New Rochelle, N.Y.) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Hormonal contraceptives (HCs) are used for birth control, menstrual disturbances, and premenopausal syndrome. Most women stop using hormonal contraceptives due to changes in their mood. The evidence regarding the association of hormonal contraception with depression shows mixed results. Therefore, we aim to establish the association between the use of hormonal contraception and depressive symptoms. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 326 women of the reproductive age group (15-49 years) attending the family planning unit of the obstetrics and gynecology department of a medical college in Saudi Arabia. Their sociodemographic and medical details along with the current use of any contraceptives (hormonal, nonhormonal, or not using any) with duration were collected. Beck depression inventory-II (BDI-II) was applied to the women to assess for depression along with its severity, and a BDI score of >16 was taken to denote clinical depression. Women were stratified by type of contraceptive used, and its association with depression category was assessed. Results: A total of 326 consenting eligible women in the age group of 15-49 years were enrolled in the study of which 165 (50.6%) were currently using a hormonal contraceptive and 49 (15.0%) were using a nonhormonal contraceptive and the rest 112 (34.4%) were not using any contraceptives. There was no significant difference in the mean BDI scores ( Conclusion: We conclude that there was no significant difference in mean depression scores between groups. However, a few individual symptoms of depression were high in HC users suggesting depression as a potential side effect of hormonal contraceptive use.
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Registered trials
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