ArticlePlant physiology2024
Naringenin chalcone carbon double-bond reductases mediate dihydrochalcone biosynthesis in apple leaves.
Article in Plant physiology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Microecological succession and quality enhancement of fermented tomato sour soup by synthetic functional microbiota.Food chemistry: X · 2026Article
- Study on biosynthesis pathway and accumulation mechanism of the dihydrochalcones inHorticulture research · 2026Article
- Functional and regulatory mechanisms of the NtPPO5 gene in the browning reaction of tobacco.BMC plant biology · 2026Article
- Elucidating the growth-promoting factors of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens on rapeseed through metabolomics.BMC plant biology · 2025Article
- Identification of a hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA double bond reductase (HDR) affirms multiple pathways for dihydrochalcone formation in apple.Plant biotechnology journal · 2025Article
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9 authors.
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Abstract
Dihydrochalcones (DHCs) are flavonoids produced as a side branch of the phenylpropanoid pathway. DHCs are found at high concentrations in apples (Malus spp.) but not in pears (Pyrus spp.) or other members of the Rosaceae. Biosynthesis of DHCs in apple has been hypothesized to occur via reduction of p-coumaroyl CoA by a Malus × domestica hydroxycinnamoyl CoA double-bond reductase (MdHCDBR) followed by the action chalcone synthase to produce phloretin or via direct reduction of naringenin chalcone to phloretin via an unknown enzyme. In this study, we report that genetic downregulation of MdHCDBR does not reduce DHC concentrations in apple leaves. We used comparative transcriptome analysis to identify candidate naringenin chalcone reductases (NCRs), designated MdNCR1a-c, expressed in apple leaves but not fruit. These MdNCR1 genes form an expanded gene cluster found exclusively in apple. Transient expression of MdNCR1 genes in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves indicated they produced DHCs at high concentrations in planta. Recombinant MdNCR1 utilized naringenin chalcone to produce phloretin at high efficiency. Downregulation of NCR genes in transgenic apple reduced foliar DHC levels by 85% to 95%. Reducing DHC production redirected flux to the production of flavonol glycosides. In situ localization indicated that NCR proteins were likely found in the vacuolar membrane. Active site analysis of AlphaFold models indicated that MdNCR1a-c share identical substrate binding pockets, but the pockets differ substantially in related weakly active/inactive NCR proteins. Identifying the missing enzyme required for DHC production provides opportunities to manipulate DHC content in apple and other fruits and has other applications, e.g. in biofermentation and biopharming.
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