Observational studyHeart rhythm2025
Are high school cardiopulmonary resuscitation education mandates working? Insights from a high school survey on CPR knowledge, attitudes, and readiness.
Observational study in Heart rhythm, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04493970 (Assessment of Factors Impacting High School Students Mandatory Universal Student Instruction in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Appraised Learning- Is the Mandate Working?), which is not on this map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Assessment of Factors Impacting High School Students Mandatory Universal Student Instruction in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Appraised Learning- Is the Mandate Working? (The High School MUSICAL Study)
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Improving bystander CPR and AED training among college students: strategies and barriers.Journal of interventional cardiac electrophysiology : an international journal of arrhythmias and pacing · 2026Article
- Acceptability and effectiveness of training elementary and secondary students in gamified CPR and AED use in three Canadian provinces.Resuscitation plus · 2026Article
- Feasibility of public CPR training kiosks to increase bystander resuscitation: a Monte Carlo simulation study.Resuscitation plus · 2026Article
- Sudden cardiac arrest in young adults: A comprehensive systematic review of epidemiology, aetiology and preventive strategies.Heart international · 2026Review
- Aussie KIDS SAVE LIVES Program: A pilot evaluation of basic life support education in Australian secondary schools.Resuscitation plus · 2025Article
- The use of social media platforms in adult basic life support research: a scoping review.Resuscitation plus · 2025Review
- Establishing a National Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Program in Indian High schools and colleges: An expert collaborative call to action and implementation model.Indian pacing and electrophysiology journalReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
19 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe use of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and automated external defibrillators (AEDs) significantly improve the chances of survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Subsequently, state laws mandate training in CPR and AED use for high school graduation. However, training and its impact vary and must be better understood.
objectiveWe assessed the current CPR training mandates and their impact.
methodsWe performed a nationwide, cross-sectional, survey-based observational study of high schoolers in 9th to 12th grades in all 50 states from 2020 to 2022 (NCT04493970), assessing basic demographics, attitudes, knowledge and skills, and willingness to learn CPR and AED.
resultsWe had an 8% response rate, resulting in 2395 high school students surveyed. The mean age of respondents was 16.8 ± 0.7 years, with 52.5% female students. Of these, 86% underwent some form of training, and 25.1% had CPR training in the last year. Only 58.7% knew how to use an AED. Notably, 26.9% had previously witnessed CPR, and almost all (94%) realized the importance of learning CPR. Most respondents also believed recurrent and longitudinal would be beneficial.
conclusionSurprisingly, only a small cohort of students undergo CPR training even when it is mandatory. The quality of this training appears to be inadequate to impart appropriate confidence and knowledge levels. This suggests a need for a significant overhaul of CPR training mandates across the United States.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.