Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39341444›Full record

ArticleContraception2025

Contraceptive use among transgender men and gender diverse individuals in the United States: Reasons for use, non-use, and methods used for pregnancy prevention.

Juno Obedin-Maliver, Ava Snow, Sachiko Ragosta, Laura Fix, Jen Hastings, Micah E Lubensky, Matthew R Capriotti, Zubin Dastur, Annesa Flentje, Mitchell R Lunn and 1 more

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Article in Contraception, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Juno Obedin-MaliverDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States; The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States.
Ava SnowThe PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States.
Sachiko RagostaIbis Reproductive Health, Oakland, CA, United States.
Laura FixIbis Reproductive Health, Oakland, CA, United States.
Jen HastingsDepartment of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States.
Micah E LubenskyThe PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Department of Community Health Systems, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States.
Matthew R CapriottiThe PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Department of Psychology, San José State University, San Jose, CA, United States.
Zubin DasturDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States; The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States.
Annesa FlentjeThe PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Department of Community Health Systems, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Alliance Health Project, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States.
Mitchell R LunnDepartment of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States; The PRIDE Study/PRIDEnet, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.
Heidi MosesonIbis Reproductive Health, Oakland, CA, United States. Electronic address: hmoseson@ibisreproductivehealth.org.

Funding

UCSF-Kaiser Urological Epidemiology Research Career Development ProgramK12DK111028 · NIDDK · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI HUANG, ALISON · 2016 to 2025
$5.3M
Advancing novel survey tools to increase participation and improve sexual and reproductive health data qualityR01HD109320 · NICHD · IBIS REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH · PI Heidi Serene Moseson Lidow · 2023 to 2026
$2.1M
Gene expression outcomes in interventions for substance using HIV+ minority menK23DA039800 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN FRANCISCO · PI FLENTJE, ANNESA · 2015 to 2019
$1.0M
NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD109320NIDA NIH HHS K23 DA039800NIDDK NIH HHS K12 DK111028
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectivesTo describe contraceptive use for pregnancy prevention among transgender men and gender diverse (TGD) individuals assigned female or intersex at birth (AFIAB) and explore whether contraceptive use differs by testosterone use. STUDY

designWe analyzed data from a cross-sectional, online survey of N = 1694 TGD individuals AFIAB recruited in 2019 through a community-facing website and a national community-engaged cohort study of sexual and/or gender minority (SGM) adults in the US. Descriptive and regression analyses characterized the current and ever use of contraceptive methods for pregnancy prevention, stratified by testosterone use, and described reasons for contraceptive use/non-use.

resultsMost respondents (71.0%) had used contraception before with 49.4% using it for pregnancy prevention. The methods that were most frequently ever used for pregnancy prevention included: external condoms (91.8%), combined hormonal contraceptive pills (63.0%), and withdrawal (45.9%). The methods most frequently currently used for pregnancy prevention included: external condoms (35.4%), hormonal intrauterine device (IUD) (24.8%), and abstinence (19.2%). Some reported formerly (n = 55, 6.6%) or currently (n = 30, 3.6%) relying on testosterone for pregnancy prevention. Only four of the 33 reasons for contraceptive use and non-use differed by testosterone use group. The most reported reasons for never using contraception were not engaging in penis-in-vagina sex (5.7%) or no sex with individuals who produce sperm (4.8%).

conclusionsMost TGD individuals AFIAB have used contraception, and almost half for pregnancy prevention. The most used methods require minimal and/or non-invasive healthcare system interaction. Some respondents relied on testosterone as birth control, despite a lack of efficacy evidence. IMPLICATIONS: TGD individuals use a range of birth control methods for pregnancy prevention and clinicians should not assume preferences for certain forms of contraception based on gender identity (e.g., estrogen avoidance). Clinicians should engage in patient-centered counseling and shared decision-making to provide high-quality contraceptive care to patients of all genders.

Indexed as

ContraceptionContraception BehaviorTransgender PersonsAdolescentAdultCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedPregnancySurveys and QuestionnairesTestosteroneUnited StatesYoung AdultTestosteroneContraceptionGender minorityNonbinaryPregnancy preventionTestosteroneTransgender

Identifiers

PMID39341444
PMCPMC11611665

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.