Trial reportArchives of physical medicine and rehabilitation2025
Effects of a 6-Week Treadmill Training With and Without Virtual Reality on Frailty in People With Multiple Sclerosis.
Trial report in Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Reducing frailty in frail people with multiple sclerosis: Feasibility of a 6-week multimodal exercise training program.PloS one · 2026Trial
- Effectiveness of Immersive and Non-Immersive Virtual Reality Interventions on Cognitive Function in People with Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Home-Based Virtual Reality Training for Enhanced Balance, Strength, and Mobility Among Older Adults With Frailty: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.JMIR serious games · 2025Review
- Treadmill Exercise Impact on Brain Electrophysiological and Glial Immunoreactivity in Cuprizone-Treated Rats.Brain sciences · 2025Article
- Application of telemedicine in fatigue management for patients with multiple sclerosis: A scoping review.PloS one · 2025Article
- Frailty and its association with mental health and quality of life in multiple sclerosis: A cross-sectional study.Sage open chronic diseaseArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo examine the effects of a cognitive-motor rehabilitation program consisting of treadmill training (TT) augmented by virtual reality (TT+VR) on frailty in people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS).
designSecondary analysis from a multicenter randomized controlled trial investigating the effects of TT+VR, compared with TT only, on measures of mobility and cognitive function in pwMS.
settingFour university research laboratories in 3 countries.
participantsA total of 124 pwMS were randomized into the parent trial. Here, we studied a subset of n = 83 participants (mean age, 49.4±9.3y; 73.5% female; expanded disability status scale range, 2.0-6.0), who completed the intervention and had complete preintervention and postintervention frailty data.
interventionsParticipants were randomly allocated to TT+VR (n=44) or TT (n=39). Both groups trained 3 times a week for 6 weeks.
main outcome measuresFrailty was assessed using a 40-item frailty index (FI) through standard validated procedures and represented the primary study outcome. Two exploratory frailty indices were also computed by isolating health-related deficits involving the cognitive (FI-physical) or physical (FI-cognitive) domains from the main FI. The assessments were performed at baseline and after 6 weeks, upon intervention completion.
resultsThe mean FI of study participants at baseline was 0.33±0.13, indicating a moderate average level of frailty. FI scores improved in both TT+VR and TT groups participants (pooled mean ΔFI, 0.024; 95% CI, 0.010-0.038; F=10.49; P=.002; η
conclusionsTT with or without virtual reality can reduce frailty levels in pwMS. While both TT and TT+VR had a positive effect on overall frailty, only TT+VR improved cognitive aspects of frailty and may represent an appropriate strategy for counteracting frailty in pwMS.
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