Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39332281›Full record

ArticleResearch in developmental disabilities2024

Do maternal and paternal education protect against developmental delays?

Diane L Putnick, Neil J Perkins, Edwina Yeung, Shyamal D Peddada

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Research in developmental disabilities, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Observational
  2. Article
  3. Characteristics of Hearing Aid Use in Adolescents Who Are Deaf and Hard of Hearing.Language, speech, and hearing services in schools · 2025
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Diane L PutnickEpidemiology Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA. Electronic address: putnickd@mail.nih.gov.
Neil J PerkinsBiostatistics and Bioinformatics Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Edwina YeungEpidemiology Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA.
Shyamal D PeddadaBiostatistics and Bioinformatics Branch, Division of Population Health Research, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Funding

Intramural NIH HHS ZIA HD008937NICHD NIH HHS HHSN267200700019CNICHD NIH HHS HHSN275201200005C
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundParental education is linked to child development and wellbeing, but unique and combined contributions of maternal and paternal education have rarely been studied.

aimsThis study assessed the individual and joint associations of maternal and paternal education on children's odds of a probable developmental delay. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Mothers (N = 3566) from the Upstate KIDS cohort study reported on theirs and the father's highest level of education and completed the Ages and Stages Questionnaires up to 7 times when the child was 4- to 36-months-old. A nonparametric constrained inference technique assessed the association between education and probable developmental delays. OUTCOMES AND

resultsHigher levels of maternal and paternal education were protective against child probable developmental delays in years 2 (18, 24 months; p-trends<.001) and 3 (30, 36 months; p-trends<.001), but not year 1 (4, 8, 12 months; p-trend=.486-.832). Trends held adjusting for parental age and race. When adjusting for the other parent's education, only maternal education had unique associations with delays. Among parents with the same or similar education levels, when both parents had one level higher education it was also protective. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Both maternal and paternal education may protect against children's developmental delays in toddlerhood, but maternal education may be particularly important.

Indexed as

Developmental DisabilitiesEducational StatusFathersMothersAdultChild DevelopmentChild, PreschoolCohort StudiesFemaleHumansInfantMaleConstrained inferenceDevelopmental delayParental education

Identifiers

PMID39332281
PMCPMC11560501

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.