SynthesisPLoS neglected tropical diseases2024
Epidemiology of human and animal leptospirosis in Kenya: A systematic review and meta-analysis of disease occurrence, serogroup diversity and risk factors.
Synthesis in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Human-to-human transmission of leptospirosis: a global systematic review.Frontiers in public health · 2026Pooled it
- Epidemiology of human and animal brucellosis in Kenya: A One Health meta-regression and network analysis.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2026Article
- Bayesian Estimation of True Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors for Leptospira spp. Among Slaughterhouse Workers and Slaughtered Cattle in the Bahr El Ghazal Region of South Sudan.Zoonoses and public health · 2026Article
- Laboratory Diagnosis of Leptospirosis.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2026Review
- Addressing the burden of leptospirosis in Africa.Tropical diseases, travel medicine and vaccines · 2025Review
- High prevalence and diversity ofOne health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2025Article
- Leptospirosis in humans and animals in Malaysia: A review from 1976 to 2023.Veterinary world · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundLeptospirosis is a priority zoonotic disease in Kenya, but an in-depth review of its presence in humans, animals and the environment is lacking. Therefore, we conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis to understand the epidemiological situation to date. METHODOLOGY: We searched for literature in African journals online, AGRIS, Embase, the Leptospira WOAH reference laboratory library, ProMED-mail, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the institutional repositories of 33 academic institutions and included 66 publications on leptospirosis in Kenya which spanned from 1951 to 2022. The review was registered on the International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols (INPLASY).
findingsMost investigations were done in rural and urban areas in western, southern, central, and coastal areas in Kenya and the largely pastoral eastern and northern areas were under-represented. A wide host range of domestic animals and wildlife was revealed, and occupational exposure was an important risk factor for humans. The microscopic agglutination test (MAT) was the most frequent test, particularly common in studies conducted during the 1980s and 1990s. However, varying MAT panels and cut-off titres were observed. The overall seroprevalence in cattle was 28.2% (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 12.0-53.0; heterogeneity: I2 = 96.7%, τ2 = 1.4), and 11.0% in goats (95% CI: 5.4-21.2; heterogeneity: I2 = 78.8%, τ2 = 0.4). Molecular tests were seldom used to determine species and illustrate strain diversity. There was a lack of awareness of leptospirosis among farmers and health practitioners.
conclusionThe widespread presence of leptospires and inadequate diagnostic capacity demonstrate that leptospirosis is a common but underreported disease in Kenya. Raising awareness and boosting the country's diagnostic capacity is crucial to timely detection and disease control.
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Registered trials
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