ArticleNeurocritical care2025
The Pupillary Light-Off Reflex in Acute Disorders of Consciousness.
Article in Neurocritical care, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Spontaneous Eye Blinking as a Potential Clinical Marker for Arousal in the Intensive Care Unit.Neurocritical care · 2026Article
- Reflections on Consciousness in Intensive Care.Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992) · 2026Review
- Near-Infrared Spectroscopy to Assess Covert Volitional Brain Activity in Intensive Care.Neurocritical care · 2026Article
- The effect of opioids on the light-off pupillary reflex.Journal of anesthesia, analgesia and critical care · 2026Article
- Response to Letter to the Editor for: "The Pupillary Light-Off Reflex in Acute Disorders of Consciousness".Neurocritical care · 2025Article
- Comment on "The Pupillary Light-Off Reflex in Acute Disorders of Consciousness".Neurocritical care · 2025Article
- Pupil constrictions to subjective brightness as a gateway to probe consciousness in non communicating patients.Scientific reports · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
14 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIn intensive care patients with disorders of consciousness, the pupillary light reflex is a measure of pupillary parasympathetic function. By contrast, the pupillary light-off reflex leads to pupil dilation in response to an abrupt change from light to darkness ("light-off") and reflects combined parasympathetic and sympathetic pupillary function. To our knowledge, this reflex has not been systematically investigated in patients with disorders of consciousness. We hypothesized that the pupillary light-off reflex correlates with consciousness levels after acute brain injury.
methodsFrom November 2022 to March 2023, we enrolled 100 study participants: 25 clinically unresponsive (coma or unresponsive wakefulness syndrome) and 25 clinically low-responsive (minimally conscious state or better) patients from the intensive care units of a tertiary referral center, and 50 age-matched and sex-matched healthy controls. Exclusion criteria were active or chronic eye disease. We used automated pupillometry to assess the pupillary light-off reflex and the pupillary light reflex of both eyes under scotopic conditions in all study participants.
resultsThe pupillary light-off reflex was strongly correlated with consciousness levels (r = 0.62, p < 0.001), the increase in pupillary diameters being smallest in unresponsive patients (mean ± standard deviation 20% ± 21%), followed by low-responsive patients (mean ± standard deviation 47% ± 26%) and healthy controls (mean ± standard deviation 67% ± 17%; p < 0.001). Similar yet less pronounced patterns were observed for the pupillary light reflex. Twenty-one of 25 (84%) unresponsive patients had preserved pupillary light reflexes, but only seven (28%) had fully preserved pupillary light-off reflexes (p < 0.0001). Of these 7 patients, five (71%) regained awareness.
conclusionsThe pupillary light-off reflex may be more sensitive to consciousness levels than the pupillary light reflex. The clinical implications of this finding seem worthy of further investigation, particularly regarding possible benefits for neuromonitoring and prognostication after brain injury.
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