ArticleJournal of surgical oncology2025
Collateralization of the upper extremity lymphatic system after axillary lymph node dissection.
Article in Journal of surgical oncology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Prolongation of Postoperative Drainage Time in Indocyanine Green Lymphography as a Potential Marker for Lymphedema Development-A Prospective Pilot Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Bringing to Light the Invisible Lymphatic Anatomy of the Upper Extremity: Report From the 2024 Harvard Radcliffe Institute Accelerator Workshop.Annals of surgery · 2026Article
- Diagnostic dilemma of silicone-induced ipsilateral internal mammary lymphadenopathy mimicking breast cancer recurrence after mastectomy: a case report.Journal of medical case reports · 2026Article
- Dosimetric Feasibility of Tomotherapy-Based Selective Axillary Sparing Regional Nodal Irradiation for Lymphedema Risk Reduction in Breast Cancer.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- Major anatomic variations of the lateral upper arm lymphatic pathway in a healthy female population.Breast cancer (Tokyo, Japan) · 2025Article
- Epitrochlear and Humeral Lymph Nodes: A Biomarker for Deep Lymphatic Function and Implications for Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema Risk.Journal of surgical oncology · 2025Article
- The deltopectoral lymph node: a potential protective biomarker for breast cancer-related lymphedema.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundLymphatic drainage from the arm may be altered after axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). Understanding these alterations is important as they may change standard surgical and radiation treatment in recurrent breast cancer or upper extremity skin cancers, including melanoma.
methodsUtilizing a single-institution planar and single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography lymphoscintigraphy database, we identified patients with a diagnosis of upper extremity cutaneous melanoma from 2008 to 2023 who previously underwent ALND for cancer treatment and did not develop upper extremity cancer-related lymphedema. ALND patients were matched to control patients presenting with cutaneous melanomas at the same anatomic sites. Sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) were compared between both groups.
resultsOf 3628 upper extremity melanoma cutaneous patients, 934 met inclusion criteria, including 22 ALND and 912 control patients. Level I axillary SLN drainage was observed in 98% of controls and 27% of ALND patients (p < 0.001). Level II axillary SLN drainage was observed in 3% of controls and 27% of ALND patients (p < 0.001). Level III axillary SLN drainage was observed in 1% of controls and 32% of ALND patients (p < 0.001). Epitrochlear SLN drainage was observed in 9% of controls and 32% of ALND patients, respectively (p < 0.046). Brachial SLN drainage was observed in 4% of controls and 23% of ALND patients (p < 0.001).
conclusionsDistinct changes in functional lymphatic drainage were seen between the arms of patients who previously underwent ALND versus control patients. Levels II and III axillary, epitrochlear, and brachial nodes are possible sites of metastatic disease that should be considered in patients with a prior ALND.
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