ArticleObesity (Silver Spring, Md.)2024
Sex differences in the secular change in waist circumference relative to BMI in five countries from 1997 to 2020.
Article in Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- A systematic review assessing body mass index and waist circumference as predictors for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus among people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Pooled it
- Wearable-Measured Physical Activity Goal Adherence and Body Composition Change in a 12-Month mHealth Weight Loss Trial.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Trial
- Trends in obesity prevalence and changes in adiposity across ethnic groups: findings from a population-based prospective cohort study in Amsterdam, the Netherlands (HELIUS study).BMJ public health · 2026Article
- Biomarkers of aging: from molecules and surrogates to physiology and function.Physiological reviews · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
- Update of
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveThe objective of this study was to quantify changes over time in waist circumference (WC) relative to BMI by sex in the Americas (United States, Mexico, Chile, and Peru) and England.
methodsData from adults aged 25 to 64 years between 1997 and 2020 were analyzed, and US data were stratified by race and ethnicity groups. Sex-specific BMI and WC means and obesity and abdominal obesity prevalence were compared between the first and last surveys. Using data from all survey years, secular changes across the BMI and WC distributions were estimated, applying quantile regression models. BMI was added as a predictor of WC to estimate secular changes in WC relative to BMI. Interaction terms were included in all models to evaluate differences by sex.
resultsBMI and WC (except for Peru) showed larger secular increases at the upper-tails of the distributions in both sexes. Increases at the 50th and 75th WC percentiles relative to BMI were more pronounced in women than in men, with larger increases in US non-Hispanic White individuals and in England. In men, increases in WC independent of BMI were most evident in Mexico.
conclusionsDisease risk associated with visceral fat is potentially underestimated by national surveillance efforts that quantify only secular changes in BMI.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.