ArticlePublic health nutrition2024
The effect of the implementation of the international code of marketing of breast-milk substitutes on child mortality in Ghana and Tanzania.
Article in Public health nutrition, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- The health case for a fossil fuel advertising ban.CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne · 2026Article
- Exploring the Enablers and Barriers to Healthy Eating for Lactating Mothers in Underserved Settings in Ghana.Current developments in nutrition · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveThe International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes is an important instrument to protect and promote appropriate infant and young child feeding and the safe use of commercial milk formulas. Ghana and Tanzania implemented the Code into national legislation in 2000 and 1994, respectively. We aimed to estimate the effects of the Code implementation on child mortality (CM) in both countries.
settingThe countries analysed were Ghana and Tanzania.
participantsFor CM and HIV rates, data from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation from up to 2019 were used. Data for income and skilled birth rates were retrieved from the World Bank, for fertility from the World Population Prospects, for vaccination from the Global Health Observatory and for employment from the International Labour Organization.
designWe used the synthetic control group method and performed placebo tests to assess statistical inference. The primary outcomes were CM by lower respiratory infections, mainly pneumonia, and diarrhoea and the secondary outcome was overall CM.
resultsOne-sided inference tests showed statistically significant treatment effects for child deaths by lower respiratory infections in Ghana (
conclusionThe results suggest that the implementation of the Code in both countries had a potentially beneficial effect on CM due to infectious diseases; however, further research is needed to corroborate these findings.
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