ArticleNature medicine2025
Posthospitalization COVID-19 cognitive deficits at 1 year are global and associated with elevated brain injury markers and gray matter volume reduction.
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Article in Nature medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 40 papers.
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40citing papers in PubMed
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Who cites it
40 citing papers in PubMed.
- Human brain matters: Navigating the neuropathology of COVID-19.Brain pathology (Zurich, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Cognitive function among COVID-19 survivors in the subacute phase during the epidemic of Omicron variant in China.Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B · 2026Article
- Towards a Neurocognitive Profile of Post-Acute COVID-19: A Longitudinal Study Integrating Subjective Complaints and Computerized Cognitive Testing.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Association Between Post-COVID Consequences and Cognitive Performance in University Students: A Cross-Sectional Study.European journal of investigation in health, psychology and education · 2026Article
- Molecular, cellular and network mapping of brain structural deviations in patients with Post-COVID19 syndrome.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Longitudinal analysis reveals myeloid cell contributions to murine neuroPASC pathogenesis.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Clinical and Inflammatory Predictors of Neurocognitive Decline in Long COVID: A Two-Year Longitudinal Study with Propensity Score Matching.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Observational
- Co-Creation of a Study Protocol to Assess the Effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in the Management of Fatigue in Children and Young People With Acquired Brain Injury (Fatiguebrain-tDCS).Health expectations : an international journal of public participation in health care and health policy · 2026Article
- Understanding the long-term neurological effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection.Nature reviews. Neurology · 2026Review
- Acute SARS-CoV-2 infection and self-reported post-acute cognitive dysfunctions from the Danish EFTER-COVID survey.Communications medicine · 2026Article
- Cognition and Long COVID: a Review.Current neurology and neuroscience reports · 2026Review
- Spatial multiomics dissects the SARS-CoV-2-induced disruption of cell adhesion and immune dynamics in the human hippocampus.Journal of neuroinflammation · 2026Article
- Evaluation of Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC) Index and a Recent Long COVID Criteria in Korean Long COVID-19 Cohort.Journal of Korean medical science · 2026Article
- Cognitive consequences of COVID-19 infection: current evidence and future directions.World psychiatry : official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) · 2026Article
- Cognition, Cytokines, Blood-Brain Barrier, and Beyond in COVID-19: A Narrative Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Toward characterizing brain fog in long COVID: correlates and impact on measurement metrics.Quality of life research : an international journal of quality of life aspects of treatment, care and rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Multi-omics analysis of long COVID (post-COVID-19 condition) reveals persistent mitochondrial dysfunction, suppressed oxidative phosphorylation, and immune dysregulation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Dynamic multivariate patterns of brain structure-neuropsychiatric symptom associations in long COVID.Brain communications · 2026Article
- Neurocognitive and Psychiatric Outcomes Following Mild to Moderate COVID-19: A Longitudinal Comparison of Alpha/Delta and Omicron Variants.Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment · 2026Article
- From HIV to SARS-CoV-2 associated neurological disorder ("HAND" to "SAND"): Viral infection as a "time-bomb" for the aging brain.Neuroscience applied · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
56 authors.
Greta K Wood *Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-6098-2331
Brendan F Sargent *Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.ORCID 0000-0003-2262-7755
Zain-Ul-Abideen AhmadSocial, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-6940-8851
Kukatharmini TharmaratnamDepartment of Health Data Science, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-8255-9822
Cordelia DunaiDepartment of Clinical Infection, Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
Franklyn N EgbeDepartment of Clinical Infection, Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-9547-4609
Naomi H MartinSocial, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
Bethany FacerDepartment of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
Sophie L PenderedDepartment of Clinical Infection, Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
Henry C RogersSocial, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
Christopher HübelSocial, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
Daniel J van WamelenDepartment of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.ORCID 0000-0003-0921-5158
Richard A I BethlehemDepartment of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Valentina GiunchigliaDepartment of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
Peter J HellyerDepartment of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
William TrenderDepartment of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.ORCID 0000-0003-3947-5532
Gursharan KalsiSocial, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
Edward NeedhamDepartment of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-7042-7462
Ava EastonDepartment of Clinical Infection, Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-1739-2915
Thomas A JacksonInstitute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
Colm CunninghamSchool of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.ORCID 0000-0003-1423-5209
Rachel UpthegroveInstitute for Mental Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-8204-5103
Thomas A PollakDepartment of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-6171-0810
Matthew HotopfDepartment of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
Tom SolomonDepartment of Clinical Infection, Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-7266-6547
Sarah L PettMRC Clinical Trials Unit, UCL, London, UK.
Pamela J ShawDivision of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-8925-2567
Nicholas WoodDepartment of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-9500-3348
Neil A HarrisonCardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-9584-3769
Karla L MillerWellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
Peter JezzardWellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-7912-2251
Guy WilliamsWolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-5223-6654
Eugene P DuffUK Dementia Research Institute, Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
Steven WilliamsDepartment of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.ORCID 0000-0003-4299-1941
Fernando ZelayaDepartment of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-9525-1560
Stephen M SmithWellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.ORCID 0000-0001-8166-069X
Simon KellerDepartment of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
Matthew BroomeInstitute for Mental Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-6963-8884
Nathalie KingstonNIHR Bioresource, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-9190-2231
Masud HusainNuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-6850-9255
Angela VincentNuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.ORCID 0000-0003-2395-8695
John BradleyNIHR Bioresource, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-7774-8805
Patrick ChinneryDepartment of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
David K MenonSection of Perioperative, Acute, Critical Care and Emergency Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.ORCID 0000-0002-3228-9692
John P AggletonSchool of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
Timothy R NicholsonDepartment of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
John-Paul TaylorTranslational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK.
Anthony S DavidDepartment of Psychiatry, Institute of Mental Health, UCL, London, UK.ORCID 0000-0003-0967-774X
Alan CarsonCentre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
Ed BullmoreWolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Gerome BreenSocial, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.ORCID 0000-0003-2053-1792
Adam HampshireDepartment of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
COVID-CNS Consortium
Benedict D MichaelDepartment of Clinical Infection, Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK. benmic@liverpool.ac.uk.ORCID 0000-0002-8693-8926
Stella-Maria PaddickTranslational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK.
E Charles LeekDepartment of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, Institute of Life and Human Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
Funding
DH | National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) ACF-2022-07-007DH | National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) CO-CIN-01RCUK | Medical Research Council (MRC) MC_PC_19059RCUK | Medical Research Council (MRC) MR/T028750/1RCUK | Medical Research Council (MRC) MR/V007181/1RCUK | Medical Research Council (MRC) MR/V03605X/1Wellcome TrustWellcome Trust (Wellcome) ISSF201902/3
Abstract
The spectrum, pathophysiology and recovery trajectory of persistent post-COVID-19 cognitive deficits are unknown, limiting our ability to develop prevention and treatment strategies. We report the 1-year cognitive, serum biomarker and neuroimaging findings from a prospective, national study of cognition in 351 COVID-19 patients who required hospitalization, compared with 2,927 normative matched controls. Cognitive deficits were global, associated with elevated brain injury markers and reduced anterior cingulate cortex volume 1 year after COVID-19. Severity of the initial infective insult, postacute psychiatric symptoms and a history of encephalopathy were associated with the greatest deficits. There was strong concordance between subjective and objective cognitive deficits. Longitudinal follow-up in 106 patients demonstrated a trend toward recovery. Together, these findings support the hypothesis that brain injury in moderate to severe COVID-19 may be immune-mediated, and should guide the development of therapeutic strategies.
Indexed as
Brain InjuriesCognitive DysfunctionCOVID-19Gray MatterAdultAgedBiomarkersFemaleGyrus CinguliHospitalizationHumansMagnetic Resonance ImagingMaleMiddle AgedNeuroimagingProspective StudiesBiomarkers
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