ArticlePloS one2024
Sex disparities in the associations of overall versus abdominal obesity with the 10-year cardiovascular disease risk: Evidence from the Indonesian National Health Survey.
Article in PloS one, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Association Between Waist Circumference and Coronary Artery Disease: Evidence from the NHANES 1999-2023 Cross-Sectional Data and Mendelian Randomization Analysis.Global heart · 2026Article
- Association of weight-adjusted-waist index with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hypertension: a prospective cohort study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- A body composition-based clustering study and its association with metabolic phenotypes among the general population in China.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
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4 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundCardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a leading cause of disability-adjusted life years in Indonesia. Although obesity is a known risk factor for CVDs, the relative contributions of overall versus abdominal obesity are less clear. We aimed to estimate the 10-year CVD risks of the Indonesian population and investigate the separate and joint associations of overall and abdominal obesity with these risks.
methodsUsing nationally representative data from the Indonesian Health Survey (n = 33,786), the 10-year CVD risk was estimated using the Framingham Score. The score was calculated as %-risk, with >20% indicating high risk. Overall obesity was measured by BMI, while abdominal obesity was measured by waist circumference. We performed sex-stratified multivariable linear regressions to examine the associations of standardized units of BMI and waist circumference with the 10-year CVD risk, mutually adjusted for waist circumference and BMI.
resultsMean (SD) 10-year CVD risks were 14.3(8.9)% in men and 8.0(9.3)% in women, with 37.3% of men and 14.1% of women having high (>20%) risks. After mutual adjustment, one SD in BMI and waist circumference were associated with 0.75(0.50-1.01) and 0.95(0.72-1.18) increase in the %-risk of CVD in men, whereas in women, the β(95% CIs) were 0.43(0.25-0.61) and 1.06(0.87-1.26).
conclusionAbdominal fat accumulation showed stronger associations with 10-year CVD risks than overall adiposity, particularly in women. Although men had higher overall CVD risks, women experienced more detrimental cardiovascular effects of obesity. Raising awareness of abdominal/visceral obesity and its more damaging cardiovascular effects in women is crucial in preventing CVD-related morbidity and mortality.
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