ArticleJAMA network open2024
Historical Redlining, Contemporary Gentrification, and Severe Maternal Morbidity in California, 2005-2018.
Article in JAMA network open, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Structural racism as a fundamental cause of health inequities: a scoping review.International journal for equity in health · 2025Pooled it
- Beyond Proxies: Environment, Neighborhood, and Racial Disparities in Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy.AJPM focus · 2026Article
- Observed and perceived walkability among young adults in San Francisco: spatial divergence, neighborhood inequality, and self-rated health.Cities & health · 2026Article
- Postpartum Health Disparities During the Birth Hospitalization in the United States: A Scoping Review.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Economic connectedness and fetal and infant death: a population-based cross-sectional study of California.Journal of epidemiology and community health · 2026Article
- Environmental roots of neonatal health: how social and structural exposures shape early-life outcomes.Pediatric research · 2026Review
- Historical Neighborhood Redlining and Fertility in a Cohort of US Black Women.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2026Article
- Effect of Gentrification and Residential Mobility on Associations Between Historical Redlining and Life Expectancy at Birth.Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine · 2026Article
- Lower Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status Is Associated with Moderate-Severe Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Cross-Sectional Study.JID innovations : skin science from molecules to population health · 2026Article
- Neighborhood Racial and Ethnic Segregation and Obesity: A Systematic Review.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Importance: Historically redlined neighborhoods may experience disinvestment, influencing their likelihood of gentrification, a process of neighborhood (re-)development that unequally distributes harms and benefits by race and class. Understanding the combined outcomes of redlining and gentrification informs how the mutually constitutive systems of structural racism and racial capitalism affect pregnancy outcomes. Objective: To examine if historical redlining and contemporary gentrification is associated with increased severe maternal morbidity (SMM) odds. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cross-sectional study used data from a statewide population-based sample of all live hospital births at 20 weeks' gestation or more between 2005 and 2018 in California. Analysis was conducted from March 2023 to January 2024. Exposure: Redlining (as characterized by the federal Home Owners' Loan Corporation mortgage security maps) and displacement (using present-day sociodemographic and housing market information). Main Outcomes and Measures: Mixed-effects logistic regression models were used to assess the association of census tract-level exposure to historical redlining and contemporary gentrification with increased SMM odds, adjusting for sociodemographic and pregnancy related factors. Outcome classification was based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention SMM index, which defines SMM as having any of the 21 procedures and diagnoses based on the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision and International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision codes. Results: The study sample included 1 554 837 births (median [SD] maternal age, 29.0 [6.4] years; 3464 American Indian or Alaskan Native [0.2%], 224 774 Asian [14.5%], 132 240 Black [8.5%], 880 104 Hispanic [56.6%], 312 490 White [20.1%]), with 22 993 cases of SMM (1.4%). Residents in historically redlined neighborhoods that were undergoing gentrification or displacement were more likely to be Black, Hispanic, and American Indian or Alaskan Native. Independent of individual-level characteristics, SMM odds were greater for individuals living in redlined neighborhoods that experienced displacement (OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.14-1.28) and in redlined neighborhoods undergoing gentrification (OR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.13-1.29) compared with those in continuously advantaged neighborhoods. Conclusions and Relevance: Findings from this cross-sectional study demonstrate that the legacies of redlining, intertwined with current dynamics of displacement and gentrification, affect SMM. Place-based sociopolitical mechanisms that inequitably distribute resources may be important intervention points to address structural drivers of adverse pregnancy outcomes and their racial inequities.
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