A Bayesian nonparametric approach for causal mediation with a post-treatment confounder.

We propose a new Bayesian nonparametric method for estimating the causal effects of mediation in the presence of a post-treatment confounder. The methodology is motivated by the Rural Lifestyle Intervention Treatment Effectiveness Trial (Rural LITE) for which there is interest in estimating causal mediation effects but is complicated by the presence of a post-treatment confounder. We specify an enriched Dirichlet process mixture (EDPM) to model the joint distribution of the observed data (outcome, mediator, post-treatment confounder, treatment, and baseline confounders). For identifiability, we use the extended version of the standard sequential ignorability (SI) as introduced in Hong et al. along with a Gaussian copula model assumption. The observed data model and causal identification assumptions enable us to estimate and identify the causal effects of mediation, that is, the natural direct effects (NDE) and natural indirect effects (NIE). Our method enables easy computation of NIE and NDE for a subset of confounding variables and addresses missing data through data augmentation under the assumption of ignorable missingness. We conduct simulation studies to assess the performance of our proposed method. Furthermore, we apply this approach to evaluate the causal mediation effect in the Rural LITE trial, finding that there was not strong evidence for the potential mediator.