Molecular Signature Associated With Acute Rejection in Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation.

Background: A deeper understanding of acute rejection in vascularized composite allotransplantation is paramount for expanding its utility and longevity. There remains a need to develop more precise and accurate tools for diagnosis and prognosis of these allografts, as well as alternatives to traditional immunosuppressive regimens. Methods: Twenty-seven skin biopsies collected from 3 vascularized composite allotransplantation recipients, consisting of face and hand transplants, were evaluated by histology, immunohistochemistry staining, and gene expression profiling. Results: Biopsies with clinical signs and symptoms of rejection, irrespective of histopathological grading, were significantly enriched for genes contributing to the adaptive immune response, innate immune response, and lymphocyte activation. Inflammation episodes exhibited significant fold change correlations between the face and hands, as well as across patients. Immune checkpoint genes were upregulated during periods of inflammation that necessitated treatment. A gene signature consisting of Conclusions: The mechanism of vascularized composite allograft-specific inflammation and rejection appears to be conserved across different patients and skin on different anatomical sites. A concise gene signature can be utilized to ascertain graft status along with a continuous scale, providing valuable diagnostic and prognostic information to supplement current gold standards of graft evaluation.