ArticleHeliyon2024
Trends and geographical variations in outpatient antimicrobial consumption in Ireland in relation to socio-economic deprivation.
Article in Heliyon, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Social determinants of health and antimicrobial resistance in the UK: a scoping review.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Use of oral fluoroquinolones in France between 2014 and 2023: a nationwide drug utilization study.JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2025Article
- Epidemiological characteristics of antimicrobial use in Primary Care in Spain: a nationwide study.Revista espanola de quimioterapia : publicacion oficial de la Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia · 2025Observational
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Different factors have been associated with changes in antimicrobial consumption rates in Ireland, however the relationship between socio-economic deprivation and antimicrobial consumption has not been explored. The presented ecological analysis explores the temporal and geographical variation in outpatient antimicrobial consumption and socio-economic deprivation in Ireland from January 2015 to March 2022. Method: Deprivation index (DI) was used as a socio-economic proxy. A multilevel mixed model was applied to explore temporal variation and analyse the longitudinal antimicrobial consumption (DID) in relation to DI. Furthermore, maps were generated based on antimicrobial consumption rates, and spatial autocorrelation analyses were carried out to study geographical variation in antimicrobial consumption rates. Results: The antimicrobial consumption rates per month varied from 26.2 DID (January 2015) to 22.1 DID (March 2022) showing an overall reduction of 16 %. Overall, total antimicrobial consumption in the multilevel model showed a consistent correlation with higher DI score (6.6 (95%CI 3.9 to 9.3)), and winter season (3.6 (95%CI 3.2 to 3.9)). In contrast, before COVID-19 showed significant lower antimicrobial consumption rates compared to during COVID-19 (-4.0 (95%CI -4.7 to -3.23)). No consistent trends were observed for geographical variation between areas. Conclusion: Antimicrobial consumption rates decreased from 2015 to 2021 in Ireland. No geographical patterns were observed in antimicrobial consumption rates but associations between deprivation and antimicrobial consumption rates were observed.
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