ArticleFrontiers in nutrition2024
Ultra-processed foods intake and sex hormone levels among children and adolescents aged 6-19 years: a cross-sectional study.
Article in Frontiers in nutrition, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and sex steroid hormone among 6-19-year old children and adolescents based on NHANES 2013-2016 data.Hormones (Athens, Greece) · 2026Article
- Association between serum vitamins and sex hormone levels in adolescent males: based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).Hormones (Athens, Greece) · 2026Article
- Ultra-Processed Diets and Endocrine Disruption, Explanation of Missing Link in Rising Cancer Incidence Among Young Adults.Cancers · 2025Review
- Ultra-processed food consumption and cardiometabolic risk in Canada: a cross-sectional analysis of the Canadian health measures survey.Nutrition & metabolism · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Sex hormones are crucial for the development of children and adolescents. The increasing consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) among children and adolescents in the United States (US) has raised concerns about their potential impact on health, including hormonal balance. Methods: Data from 3,354 participants aged 6-19 years from the NHANES 2013-2016 were analyzed. UPF intake was categorized using the NOVA food classification system, and the percentage of total daily energy intake from UPFs was calculated. The serum levels of total testosterone (TT), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), and estradiol (E2) were measured. The free androgen index (FAI) and TT/E2 ratio were calculated to estimate bioavailable testosterone levels and the balance between androgens and estrogens, respectively. Multiple linear regression models, adjusted for potential confounders, estimated the associations. Results: Our results showed that higher intake of UPFs was marginally associated with decreased serum SHBG levels (quartile (Q) 2 vs. Q1: Conclusion: Higher UPF consumption is associated with increased FAI in adolescents, particularly in girls, indicating higher bioavailable testosterone levels. Future studies should validate these findings with direct free testosterone measurements and more precise dietary intake assessments.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.