ArticleExploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy2024
A cross-sectional survey exploring organizational readiness to implement community pharmacy-based opioid counseling and naloxone services in rural versus urban settings in Alabama.
Article in Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Knowledge and Beliefs Surrounding Nalmefene Among Alabama Pharmacists: A Cross-Sectional Survey Informed by the Theory of Planned Behavior.Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Improving organizational preparedness for community pharmacy-based naloxone and opioid counseling services in both urban and rural environments.Exploratory research in clinical and social pharmacy · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Background: Rural US regions experience lower naloxone dispensing rates compared to urban counterparts, particularly in Alabama. In light of this, strategies to enhance opioid counseling and naloxone services (OCN) in rural community pharmacies are critical. However, organizational readiness to implement OCN in rural versus urban contexts where resource networks may differ is not well understood. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to explore organizational readiness and identify factors associated with implementation of OCN in rural versus urban Alabama community pharmacies. Methods: Alabama community pharmacists and technicians were recruited to participate in an anonymous online cross-sectional survey via email. The survey instrument was adapted from the Organizational Readiness to Change Assessment (ORCA). Primary outcome measures included 3 overarching ORCA domains (Evidence, Context, and Facilitation) with 19 subscales regarding OCN implementation readiness, measured via 5-point Likert-type scales (1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree). Secondarily, pharmacy OCN implementation status (implementer, non-implementer, or in-development) was measured via multiple-choice (1-item). Differences in mean domain and subscale scores between rural and urban pharmacies were evaluated using Mann-Whitney Results: Of 171 respondents, the majority were pharmacists (78.6 %) in urban locations (57.1 %). Mean[SD] clinical experience evidence (Evidence) (3.98[0.69] vs 3.74[0.71]; Conclusion: Organizational readiness to implement OCN was higher among urban versus rural pharmacies in terms of perceived strength of clinical evidence, staff culture, service measurement goals, and senior management characteristics. Future research may leverage key contextual factors to enhance OCN implementation.
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