ArticleJournal of neuroinflammation2024
Repeated LPS induces training and tolerance of microglial responses across brain regions.
Article in Journal of neuroinflammation, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed.
- Neuro-immune interactions in tumors, immune-related disorders, and infections.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Microglia and neuroinflammation: An in-depth analysis from functional diversity to disease mechanisms.Clinical and translational medicine · 2026Review
- The Innate Immune Memory That Bites Back: How Periodontitis May Train Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Complement contributes to hyperactive behavior in the 16p11.2 hemideletion mouse model.Brain, behavior, and immunity · 2026Article
- Electrical stimulation and stem cell subdural implantation decrease microglia reactivity after spinal cord injury.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Identifying a Csmd3Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Prolonged systemic inflammation worsens impairments to astrocyte CaAlzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Article
- Electroacupuncture prevents CUMS induced depressive-like behaviors by inhibiting microglia-mediated synaptic pruning induced by gut dysbiosis.Chinese medicine · 2026Article
- Serum LBP and zonulin levels with brain MRS findings and gastrointestinal symptoms in schizophrenia and health.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- Microglial Innate Immune Memory: Implications and Research Advances in Central Nervous System Disorders.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Vagus nerve stimulation modulates LPS-induced epileptogenicity: the role of inflammation suppression.Research square · 2026Article
- Disentangling neuroimmune landscapes across peripheral activation paradigms resolves divergent glial state programs.Research square · 2026Article
- In silico and in vitro investigations of novel Siglec-1 inhibitors in a microglial cell model.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Article
- Beyond diabetes and obesity: GLP-1 receptor agonists in disrupting the vicious cycle of metabolic dysfunction and neuroinflammation.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Review
- Article
- Altered Microglia-Neuron Crosstalk and Regional Heterogeneity in Alzheimer's Disease Revealed by Single-Nucleus RNA Sequencing.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- A taxon-centered review of bacterial shifts in psychiatric disorders.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2026Review
- Calycosin attenuates LPS-induced microglia inflammatory responses and microglia-mediated synaptic impairment via modulation of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Article
- Innate Immune Tolerance Regulates Microglia Response to Aβ Oligomers.Journal of neurochemistry · 2026Article
- Microglial state transitions are constrained by developmental and metabolic checkpoints.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundNeuroinflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of almost every central nervous system disorder. As the brain's innate immune cells, microglia fine tune their activity to a dynamic brain environment. Previous studies have shown that repeated bouts of peripheral inflammation can trigger long-term changes in microglial gene expression and function, a form of innate immune memory. METHODS AND
resultsIn this study, we used multiple low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injections in adult mice to study the acute cytokine, transcriptomic, and microglia morphological changes that contribute to the formation of immune memory in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum, as well as the long-term effects of these changes on behavior. Training and tolerance of gene expression was shared across regions, and we identified 3 unique clusters of DEGs (2xLPS-sensitive, 4xLPS-sensitive, LPS-decreased) enriched for different biological functions. 2xLPS-sensitive DEG promoters were enriched for binding sites for IRF and NFkB family transcription factors, two key regulators of innate immune memory. We quantified shifts in microglia morphological populations and found that while the proportion of ramified and rod-like microglia mostly remained consistent within brain regions and sexes with LPS treatment, there was a shift from ameboid towards hypertrophic morphological states across immune memory states and a dynamic emergence and resolution of events of microglia aligning end-to-end with repeated LPS.
conclusionsTogether, findings support the dynamic regulation of microglia during the formation of immune memories in the brain and support future work to exploit this model in brain disease contexts.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.