ArticleIEEE transactions on biomedical circuits and systems2024
Design and Implementation of Integrated Dual-Mode Pulse and Continuous-Wave Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectrometers.
Article in IEEE transactions on biomedical circuits and systems, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) is a powerful spectroscopic technique that allows direct detection and characterization of radicals containing unpaired electron(s). The development of portable, low-power EPR sensing modalities has the potential to significantly expand the utility of EPR in a broad range of fields, ranging from basic science to practical applications such as point-of-care diagnostics. The two major methodologies of EPR are continuous-wave (CW) EPR, where the frequency or field is swept with a constant excitation, and pulse EPR, where short pulses induce a transient signal. In this work, we present the first realization of a fully integrated pulse EPR spectrometer on-chip. The spectrometer utilizes a subharmonic direct-conversion architecture that enables an on-chip oscillator to be used as a dual-mode EPR sensing cell, capable of both CW and pulse-mode operation. An on-chip reference oscillator is used to injection-lock the sensor to form pulses and also to downconvert the pulse EPR signal. A proof-of-concept spectrometer IC with two independent sensing cells is presented, which achieves a pulse sensitivity of spins (1000 averages) and a CW sensitivity of spins/ and can be powered and controlled via a computer USB interface. The sensing cells consume as little as 2.1mW (CW mode), and the system is tunable over a wide frequency range of 12.8-14.9GHz (CW/pulse). Single-pulse free induction decay (FID), two-pulse inversion recovery, two-pulse Hahn echo, three-pulse stimulated echo, and CW experiments demonstrate the viability of the spectrometer for use in portable EPR sensing.
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