ArticleDrug and alcohol dependence2024
Effects of xylazine on naloxone-precipitated fentanyl withdrawal in male and female rats.
Article in Drug and alcohol dependence, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Xylazine, veterinary anesthetic and recreational drug adulterant, reduces cephalic regeneration and alters defensive responding in planarians.Neurotoxicology · 2026Article
- Discovery, Structural Characterization, and Preclinical Evaluation of Monoclonal Antibodies against Xylazine Poisoning.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2026Article
- Adverse maternal and neonatal effects associated with perinatal xylazine exposure: a systematic review.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2026Review
- Within- and Between-Subject Analyses of the Effects of Chronic Xylazine on Negative Phototaxis in Two Planarian Species.Biomolecules · 2025Article
- Naloxone reversal of the cardiorespiratory depressant effects of opioids and mixtures of opioids and stimulants in rats.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Xylazine Exposure and Association With Early Physiological and Withdrawal Symptoms in People With Opioid Use Disorder.Journal of addiction medicineArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeThe combination of fentanyl and xylazine (i.e., "tranq-dope") was recently declared an emerging national health threat in the United States. Given the recency of this development, very little is known regarding the behavioral pharmacology of fentanyl-xylazine combinations. The purpose of this study was to characterize the somatic and affective withdrawal symptoms of this drug combination.
methodsMale and female Long Evans rats were given twice daily (08:00 and 20:00) subcutaneous injections of fentanyl, xylazine, or combined fentanyl-xylazine for five days. On the sixth (testing) day, rats were given a final injection at 08:00. Four hours later, rats were injected intraperitoneally with either saline or a naloxone challenge before behavioral observation. Somatic withdrawal was examined using the Gellert-Holtzman scale and anxiety-like behavior was examined using the elevated plus maze.
resultsNaloxone administration did not induce somatic or affective symptoms in rats treated with fentanyl alone, a low dose of xylazine alone, or a high dose of xylazine alone. Naloxone induced somatic but not affective withdrawal symptoms in rats treated with both fentanyl and xylazine.
conclusionChronic co-exposure to fentanyl and xylazine produces an opioid-like somatic withdrawal syndrome at doses that are not apparent with either drug alone. These results corroborate clinical reports that xylazine worsens fentanyl withdrawal and suggest that novel interventions may be required to treat withdrawal from fentanyl-xylazine combinations in humans.
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