Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39296677›Full record

ArticleAWWA water science2024

Evaluation of distribution system water quality during a free chlorine conversion.

Matthew T Alexander, Peyton Woodruff, Jatin H Mistry, Helen Y Buse, Christy Muhlen, Darren A Lytle, Jonathan G Pressman, David G Wahman

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in AWWA water science, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Matthew T AlexanderUnited States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water, Standards and Risk Management Division, Technical Support Branch, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-9273-6856
Peyton WoodruffOak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA.
Jatin H MistryUnited States Environmental Protection Agency, Region 6, Drinking Water Section, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Helen Y BuseUnited States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Christy MuhlenUnited States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Darren A LytleUnited States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-5282-4541
Jonathan G PressmanUnited States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.ORCID 0000-0001-6203-7421
David G WahmanUnited States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-0167-8468

Funding

EPA 68HERC19D0009Intramural EPA EPA999999
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Chloraminated drinking water systems commonly use free chlorine conversions (FCCs) to prevent or control nitrification, but unintended water quality changes may occur, including increased disinfection by-product and metal concentrations. This study evaluated water quality in a chloraminated drinking water system and residential locations before, during, and after their annual, planned FCC. Water quality alternated between relatively consistent and variable periods when switching disinfectants. During the FCC, regulated four trihalomethane and five haloacetic acid concentrations increased by four and seven times, respectively, and exceeded corresponding maximum contaminant levels. Implications of disinfection by-product sampling during an FCC were assessed, and an approach to account for increased FCC disinfection by-product concentrations was proposed. For metals, the FCC had minor impacts on distribution system concentrations and did not appear to impact residential concentrations. Overall, observed variable water quality appeared primarily associated with switching disinfectants and depended on distribution system hydraulics.

Indexed as

disinfection by-product formationfree chlorine conversionnitrificationwater quality monitoring

Identifiers

PMID39296677
PMCPMC11406502

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.