Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39292346›Full record

ArticleJournal of autism and developmental disorders2026

Effects of Ball Combination Exercise Combined with cTBS Intervention on Sleep Problems in Children with Autism.

Decheng Xu, Zhiyuan Sun, Yahui Yang, Kelong Cai, Lina Zhu, Kai Qi, Zhimei Liu, Yifan Shi, Yufei Liu, Zhiyuan Qiao and 2 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
  3. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Decheng XuCollege of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, China.
Zhiyuan SunCollege of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, China.
Yahui YangCollege of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, China.
Kelong CaiCollege of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, China.
Lina ZhuCollege of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, China.
Kai QiGdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, 80-336, Poland.
Zhimei LiuCollege of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, China.
Yifan ShiGdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdansk, 80-336, Poland.
Yufei LiuCollege of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, China.
Zhiyuan QiaoCollege of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, China.
Luanyue JiangCollege of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, China.
Aiguo ChenCollege of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225127, China. agchen@yzu.edu.cn.

Funding

the Fok Ying Tung Education Foundation 141113the National Natural Science Foundation of China 31771243the National Social Science Foundation of China 23ATY008the Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province KYCX22_3419
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Sleep problems significantly affect the quality of life of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a 12-week ball combination exercise, continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) stimulation, and combined intervention on sleep problems in children with ASD. Forty-five ASD children were divided into three intervention groups (ball combination exercise(n = 12), cTBS stimulation(n = 10), combined (n = 12) and a control group (n = 11). The intervention groups underwent intervention, while the control group maintained daily activities. The effects were assessed using the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) scale. The results revealed that after 12 weeks of intervention, three programs reduced sleep problems in children with ASD. The post-test scores of the cTBS group (p = 0.002) and the combined group (p < 0.001) were significantly lower than the baseline scores on the CSHQ scale. The exercise group (p = 0.002) and the combined group (p < 0.001) showed significant improvement in sleep anxiety, while there was no statistically significant difference in the effectiveness of the three interventions for sleep-onset delay. The combined group outperformed the single intervention groups in the CSHQ score and sleep anxiety sub-dimensions. The combined intervention group showed slightly superior performance in sleep onset latency, however, there was no significant difference. Three interventions alleviated sleep issues in ASD children, with the combined method proving more effective. This study validates non-pharmacologic and combined approaches for ASD sleep problems. Future research should delve deeper into the mechanisms of these interventions in ASD children's sleep improvement.

Indexed as

Autism Spectrum DisorderExercise TherapySleep Wake DisordersTranscranial Magnetic StimulationChildChild, PreschoolCombined Modality TherapyFemaleHumansMaleQuality of LifeSurveys and QuestionnairesTreatment OutcomeASD childrenBall combination exerciseCombined interventioncTBS stimulationSleep problems

Identifiers

PMID39292346
PMCPMC12860755

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.