ArticleInternational journal of legal medicine2025
A probability model for estimating age in young individuals relative to key legal thresholds: 15, 18 or 21-year.
Article in International journal of legal medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 10 papers.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed.
- Comparing an Indian dataset with BioAlder using Demirjian's staging of the third molar.International journal of legal medicine · 2026Article
- Comprehensive sternum maturation models: employing multidetector computed tomography-enhanced approaches for forensic age estimation in a sample of Egyptians.International journal of legal medicine · 2026Article
- Assessment of periodontal ligament visibility in third molars for threshold-based forensic age estimation: a cross-sectional study in a Turkish population.International journal of legal medicine · 2026Article
- Age estimation of unaccompanied migrant adolescents for judicial purposes: a bayesian approach.International journal of legal medicine · 2026Article
- The temporal course of third molar mineralization in a black South African population.International journal of legal medicine · 2026Article
- Developmental asymmetry of the clavicles and third molars and its implications for forensic age estimation.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Discordance between knee and hand-wrist bone age in adolescents: implications for skeletal maturity assessment and its association with thyroid-stimulating hormone levels.Pediatric radiology · 2025Article
- Forensic age estimation using Dedouit classification in adolescents of the Southwestern Chinese Han population based on the knee MRI.International journal of legal medicine · 2025Article
- Automated Analysis of Vertebral Body Surface Roughness for Adult Age Estimation: Ellipse Fitting and Machine-Learning Approach.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Bone age and dental age to assess criminal responsibility: Part II.International journal of legal medicine · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Age estimations are relevant for pre-trial detention, sentencing in criminal cases and as part of the evaluation in asylum processes to protect the rights and privileges of minors. No current method can determine an exact chronological age due to individual variations in biological development. This study seeks to develop a validated statistical model for estimating an age relative to key legal thresholds (15, 18, and 21 years) based on a skeletal (CT-clavicle, radiography-hand/wrist or MR-knee) and tooth (radiography-third molar) developmental stages. The whole model is based on 34 scientific studies, divided into examinations of the hand/wrist (15 studies), clavicle (5 studies), distal femur (4 studies), and third molars (10 studies). In total, data from approximately 27,000 individuals have been incorporated and the model has subsequently been validated with data from 5,000 individuals. The core framework of the model is built upon transition analysis and is further developed by a combination of a type of parametric bootstrapping and Bayesian theory. Validation of the model includes testing the models on independent datasets of individuals with known ages and shows a high precision with separate populations aligning closely with the model's predictions. The practical use of the complex statistical model requires a user-friendly tool to provide probabilities together with the margin of error. The assessment based on the model forms the medical component for the overall evaluation of an individual's age.
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