Trend, Pattern, and Prevalence of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes among Women of Reproductive Age in India, 1992-2021.

Background: Adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) are the most important vital statistics used to assess maternal health and child health statistics. They are an indicator of the quality of maternal and child health care services, i.e., antenatal care, intrapartum care, and medical services. Material and Methods: The objective of the study is to analyze the trend, pattern, and prevalence of APOs among women of reproductive age group at the national level over successive NFHS rounds. The current study uses data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS), conducted during 1992-2021. The study uses geo-spatial mapping techniques through QGIS software and report analysis to arrive at definitive conclusions. Results: The study finds that the incidence of APOs among women of reproductive age (15-49 years) has increased over the years. Twenty states and union territories have APOs that are below the national average. On the other hand, States like Madhya Pradesh, Meghalaya, Sikkim, Goa, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Kerala have witnessed their APOs worsening as per NFHS-5 vis-à-vis NFHS-4. The study also finds that apart from the Himalayan belt and the east coast of India, APOs are more prominent in the contiguous regions adjoining these areas. Conclusions: The findings of the study have thrown on very interesting facts. Despite rapid economic development during the intervening period between NFHS-4 and NFHS-5, rising APOs are a testament to the fact that the policymakers in the country need to be more target-oriented and get their acts together.