ArticleArchives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition2025
Trends in sex differences in neurodevelopmental outcomes among extremely preterm infants.
Article in Archives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- From clusters to clinical rules: unsupervised machine learning identifies four newborn hearing phenotypes with bedside risk stratification.BMC pediatrics · 2026Article
- From microbes to milestones: Gut bacterial abundances and functional pathways associate with neurodevelopment following preterm birth.Gut microbiology · 2026Article
- Impact of birth weight on long-term growth and development in children: evidence from a nationwide cohort study.BMC pediatrics · 2026Article
- Sex differences in the blood metabolome of extremely preterm infants: a pilot study on the impact of antibiotic therapy.Biology of sex differences · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo examine whether changes in survival without moderate or severe neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) at 18-26 months' corrected age from 1999 to 2018 differed between male and female infants.
designThis retrospective cohort study used data from the NICHD Neonatal Research Network hospitals. Robust Poisson regression models were used to estimate adjusted relative risks (aRRs) and 95% CIs for survival without moderate or severe NDI between males and females. Interactions between sex and time were assessed to evaluate temporal differences in the outcome by sex. Variables adjusted for included centre, maternal age, ethnicity/race, gestational age and small for gestational age. PATIENTS: Inborn infants with gestational age of 22-26 weeks at NICHD Neonatal Research Network hospitals from 1999 to 2018.
main outcome measureChange over time in survival without moderate or severe NDI at 18-26 months' corrected age between male and female infants.
resultsOf 26 307 infants, 13 045 (49.6%) were male. Survival without moderate or severe NDI declined for both sexes over time, from 32.9% to 30.6% for males and from 47.4% to 40.0% for females, between 1999-2003 and 2014-2018. Males were less likely than females to survive without moderate or severe NDI (aRR=0.80; 95% CI 0.78 to 0.83). Changes in survival without moderate or severe NDI did not differ between males and females.
conclusionThere were no differential changes in survival without moderate or severe NDI between male and female infants.
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