ReviewThe Journal of clinical investigation2024
Mechanisms underlying sex differences in autoimmunity.
Review in The Journal of clinical investigation, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 70 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
70 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Sex-specific autosomal susceptibility loci in systemic sclerosis: a genome-wide association study.The Lancet. Rheumatology · 2026Pooled it
- Environmental exposures in autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases: a priority-based evidence map, immune-mechanism integration audit and research agenda.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Role of sex and gender in autoimmune thyroid diseases: mechanisms and knowledge gaps.Reviews in endocrine & metabolic disorders · 2026Review
- Age- and sex-dependent heterogeneity during LPS-induced murine acute lung injury.Immunity & ageing : I & A · 2026Article
- Relation of nailfold capillaries and autoantibodies to mortality in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon: a retrospective analysis.Rheumatology international · 2026Article
- Under-recognition of autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes in T1DM: results from an extended screening workup.Endocrine · 2026Article
- Animal Models of Idiopathic Inflammatory Myopathies: Bridging Mechanistic Insights and Clinical Translation.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- PLCγ2 deficiency compromises systemic immune tolerance and erodes myelin homeostasis while enhancing oxidative metabolism in the mouse brain.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- The ageing immune system as a driver of systemic ageing.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- A nomogram-based risk stratification strategy to optimize central lymph node dissection in cN1a papillary thyroid cancer with Hashimoto's thyroiditis.Gland surgery · 2026Article
- Sex differences in a mouse model of radiation-induced cardiotoxicity.Research square · 2026Article
- Birth and neonatal risk factors associated with neonatal conjunctivitis: a retrospective case-control study.BMC pediatrics · 2026Article
- First-in-human PET study of [Journal of translational medicine · 2026Article
- Loss of chromosome Y in hematopoietic cells: mechanisms and implications for human disease.MedScience · 2026Review
- Article
- Sex-Related Differences in Circular RNA Expression in Multiple Sclerosis: A Pilot Study.Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN · 2026Article
- How biological sex shapes differences in immune responses to infection.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Twenty years of sex and gender science in health research: a policy statement from the Organization for the Study of Sex Differences.Biology of sex differences · 2026Review
- Importance of integrating biological sex and age analyses in health research.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Sex-Specific Responses to Intermittent Fasting: A Narrative Review Across Physiological, Clinical, and Psychosocial Contexts.Nutrients · 2026Review
10 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are a leading cause of disability worldwide. Most autoimmune diseases occur more often in women than men, with rheumatic autoimmune diseases being among those most highly expressed in women. Several key factors, identified mainly in animal models and cell culture experiments, are important in increasing autoimmune disease in females. These include sex hormones, immune genes including those found on the X chromosome, sex-specific epigenetic effects on genes by estrogen and the environment, and regulation of genes and messenger RNA by microRNAs found in extracellular vesicles. Evidence is also emerging that viruses as well as drugs or toxins that damage mitochondria may contribute to increased levels of autoantibodies against nuclear and mitochondrial antigens, which are common in many autoimmune diseases. The purpose of this Review is to summarize our current understanding of mechanisms that may determine sex differences in autoimmune disease.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.