A study of case management challenge for black grain eumycetoma during the ongoing war in Sudan.

Key Clinical Message: This case highlights the significant challenges in the diagnosis and management of eumycetoma, particularly in regions like Sudan, where socioeconomic factors and ongoing conflict severely impact patient care. Delayed diagnosis and inadequate access to effective treatment can lead to poor adherence to prescribed therapies, prompting patients to resort to unproven self-treatment methods. Comprehensive, multidisciplinary approaches that include education, improved accessibility to care, and addressing the impact of social determinants on health are essential to enhance the management of mycetoma, reduce disability rates, and improve patient outcomes in underserved communities. Abstract: Mycetoma is a chronic and debilitating infectious disease characterized by localized swellings and granulomatous lesions. It primarily affects individuals in tropical and subtropical regions and is caused by certain fungi or bacteria. This case report outlines the presentation, diagnosis, and management of a 37-year-old male from central Sudan with black grain eumycetoma, a challenging condition. The patient presented with recurring painless swelling in his right foot, which progressed over 5 years to include sinuses discharging black grain-like materials. Despite initial treatment with itraconazole and folic acid, the patient discontinued medication due to war-induced hardships including financial and accessibility to treatment and healthcare guidance, resulting in resorting to none-effective and potentially harmful herbal remedies. Multidisciplinary management involving dermatologists, infectious disease specialists, and pharmacists supported with community health workers for health education is essential for enforcing adherence to treatment and successful recovery.