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Evaluating ChatGPT as a Patient Education Tool for COVID-19-Induced Olfactory Dysfunction.
Article in OTO open. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Customized Education Sheets Generated by ChatGPT Improve Parental Visit Satisfaction and Procedural Knowledge Prior to Pediatric Cardiac Catheterization.Pediatric cardiology · 2026Article
- AI chatbots for health information seeking among Chinese patients with precancerous ENT lesions: a descriptive qualitative study.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Utility of ChatGPT-4o in Creating Patient Handouts in Ophthalmology: A Comparison With American Academy of Ophthalmology Educational Materials.Translational vision science & technology · 2026Article
- Artificial intelligence in otorhinolaryngology: current trends and application areas.European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · 2025Review
- Evaluation of Large Language Models' Concordance With Guidelines on Olfaction.Laryngoscope investigative otolaryngology · 2025Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objective: While most patients with COVID-19-induced olfactory dysfunction (OD) recover spontaneously, those with persistent OD face significant physical and psychological sequelae. ChatGPT, an artificial intelligence chatbot, has grown as a tool for patient education. This study seeks to evaluate the quality of ChatGPT-generated responses for COVID-19 OD. Study Design: Quantitative observational study. Setting: Publicly available online website. Methods: ChatGPT (GPT-4) was queried 4 times with 30 identical questions. Prior to questioning, Chat-GPT was "prompted" to respond (1) to a patient, (2) to an eighth grader, (3) with references, and (4) no prompt. Answer accuracy was independently scored by 4 rhinologists using the Global Quality Score (GCS, range: 1-5). Proportions of responses at incremental score thresholds were compared using Results: Across all graded responses (n = 480), 364 responses (75.8%) were "at least good" (GCS ≥ 4). Proportions of responses that were "at least good" ( Conclusion: ChatGPT provides appropriate answers to most questions on COVID-19 OD regardless of prompting. However, prompting influences response quality and grade level. ChatGPT responds at grade levels above accepted recommendations for presenting medical information to patients. Currently, ChatGPT offers significant potential for patient education as an adjunct to the conventional patient-physician relationship.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.