ArticleJournal of general internal medicine2025
Latino Enclaves and Healthcare Accessibility: An Ecologic Study Across Five States.
Article in Journal of general internal medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Spatial-Structural Disparities in Acute Care Accessibility Among Latin American Immigrants and Spanish Speakers in the Rural US South.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Neighborhood Factors and Treatment Outcomes in Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A REDIAL Consortium Report.Cancer research communications · 2026Article
- Mapping Ethnic Enclaves for Health Disparities Research: A Hybrid Clustering Approach.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Health Atlas: Tutorial of a Visualization Tool and Data Resource for Place-Based Social and Structural Determinants of Health.Journal of medical Internet research · 2026Article
- Social environment and services at the Special Immunobiological Reference Centers: epidemiological study, Minas Gerais, 2022-2024.Epidemiologia e servicos de saude : revista do Sistema Unico de Saude do Brasil · 2026Article
- Neighborhood Factors Related to Cancer Screening in Texas: A Spatioecological Study.American journal of preventive medicine · 2025Article
- Healthcare Equity for Latinos: Political Inaction in Addressing Fundamental Flaws of the US Health System.Journal of general internal medicine · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
17 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHispanic or Latino populations (hereafter, "Latinos") are a rapidly expanding U.S. demographic and have documented inequities in preventable diseases and conditions. Many Latinos reside in ethnic enclaves, and understanding the context and healthcare accessibility within these places is critical.
objectiveThis study described the neighborhood social and built environment attributes of Latino enclaves and evaluated associations between enclaves and geographic healthcare accessibility.
designCross-sectional ecologic analysis. SUBJECTS: Our unit of analysis was all neighborhoods (n ~ 20,000 census tracts) in California, Florida, New Jersey, New York, and Texas in years 2000 and 2010. MAIN MEASURES: The primary exposure of interest, "Latino enclaves," was defined using neighborhood-level data on the percentage of Latino residents, foreign-born Latinos, Spanish speakers with limited English proficiency, and linguistically isolated Spanish-speaking households. The primary outcome was a neighborhood-level measure of geographic healthcare accessibility of primary care physicians, which accounted for both the supply of physicians and population demand for healthcare (i.e., population size within driving distance).
resultsApproximately 30% of neighborhoods were classified as Latino enclaves, 87% of which were enclaves in both 2000 and 2010. Compared with non-enclaves, Latino enclaves had more markers of structural disadvantage including having higher proportions of poverty, uninsured individuals, crowded housing, and higher crime scores. Results from multivariable models suggest that more culturally distinct neighborhoods (i.e., higher enclave score) had lower healthcare accessibility, though when stratified, this association persisted only in high (≥ 20%) poverty neighborhoods.
conclusionThis study highlights several neighborhood structural disadvantages within Latino enclaves, including higher poverty, uninsured individuals, and crime compared to non-enclave neighborhoods. Moreover, our findings point to the need for interventions aimed at improving healthcare accessibility particularly within socioeconomically disadvantaged Latino enclaves. Addressing these inequities demands multifaceted approaches that consider both social and structural factors to ensure equitable healthcare access for Latino populations.
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