ArticleJournal of periodontology2025
Impact of smoking habit on the subgingival proteome in patients with periodontitis.
Article in Journal of periodontology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- The Impact of Cytokines Expression in Peri-implant Crevicular Fluid Associated with Keratinized Tissue Augmentation via Xenogeneic Collagen Matrix: A Pilot Study.European journal of dentistry · 2026Article
- Diagnostic modulation of subgingival proteomic biomarkers by age and smoking habits in periodontitis.Journal of periodontology · 2026Article
- Impact of anti-TNF and anti-IL-12/IL-23 antibody therapy on periodontal inflammation and gingival crevicular fluid IL-6 in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Impact of smoking habit on the subgingival proteome in patients with periodontitis.Journal of periodontology · 2025Article
- Diagnostic Accuracy of Novel Protein Biomarkers in Saliva to Detect Periodontitis Using Untargeted 'SWATH' Mass Spectrometry.Journal of clinical periodontology · 2025Article
- Characterisation of the periodontal proteome in gingival crevicular fluid and saliva using SWATH-MS.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundFew investigations evaluated smoking's impact on the periodontal proteome. Therefore, this study aimed to analyse the influence of tobacco on the overall periodontal proteome and the differential expression of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) proteins using sequential window acquisition of all theoretical mass spectra (SWATH-MS).
methodsGCF samples were collected from 40 periodontitis subjects (stages III-IV). These were separated based on smoking status into smokers (17), ex-smokers (10), and non-smokers (13). Samples were analysed using SWATH-MS, and proteins were identified using the UniProt human-specific database. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with the identifier PXD043474. Principal component analysis (PCA) was employed to examine the spectral mass distribution of the proteome. Protein expression was different for a p-value <0.05 and a log2 fold change ≥0.3 (upregulated) or ≤-0.3 (downregulated).
resultsThe distribution of overall proteome did not differ between non-smokers, smokers, and ex-smokers. Considering protein expression, 23 were differentially expressed in smokers vs. non-smokers (16 upregulated and 7 downregulated), 17 in ex-smokers vs. non-smokers (2 upregulated and 15 downregulated), and only 8 in smokers vs. ex-smokers (7 upregulated and 1 downregulated). Smoking increased the expression of proteins related to epithelial hyperkeratinization (keratins type II cytoskeletal 4, type I cytoskeletal 13 and type I cytoskeletal 19, cornulin, and fatty acid-binding protein 5). However, multiple immunoglobulins were underexpressed when comparing smokers and ex-smokers to non-smokers.
conclusionAlthough smoking does not significantly modify the overall GCF proteome associated with periodontitis, it alters the expression of several proteins compared to never-smokers and ex-smokers. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: Smoking is a critical risk factor for the development and progression of periodontitis. However, evidence of the effect of smoking on the subgingival proteome is scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the impact of smoking on the overall proteome and differential expression of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) proteins using the sequential window acquisition of all theoretical mass spectra (SWATH-MS) proteomic technique. For this purpose, GCF samples were collected from 40 subjects with periodontitis, of which 17 were smokers, 10 were ex-smokers, and 13 were non-smokers. These samples were analysed by SWATH-MS, and proteins were identified using the UniProt human-specific database. Analysis of the overall proteome showed that its distribution was not significantly different between smokers, ex-smokers, and non-smokers. However, several proteins were found to be differentially expressed according to the smoking status. Smoking can increase the expression of several keratins and proteins related to hyperkeratinization of the epithelium. However, in ex-smokers, these proteins return to similar levels to those of non-smokers. Moreover, smoking may induce a lower expression of proteins related to adaptive immunity, such as immunoglobulins. This immunosuppressive effect may persist in ex-smokers.
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