ArticlemedRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences2024
Neuroimaging Biomarkers in Addiction.
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In one paragraph
Article in medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Emerging neuromodulation treatments for opioid and stimulant use disorders.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors.
Hamed EkhtiariDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA (Ekhtiari); Laureate Institute for Brain Research (LIBR), Tulsa, OK, USA (Ekhtiari, Paulus); School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Sangchooli); Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA (Carmichael); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA (Oquendo, Childress); Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA (Moeller); Translational Medicine, Sage Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA and McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA (O'Donnell); Division of Depression and Anxiety, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA (Pizzaggali); National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, USA (Ramey); Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA (Schacht); Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Zare-Bidoky); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA (Brady).ORCID 0000-0001-6902-8798
Arshiya SangchooliDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA (Ekhtiari); Laureate Institute for Brain Research (LIBR), Tulsa, OK, USA (Ekhtiari, Paulus); School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Sangchooli); Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA (Carmichael); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA (Oquendo, Childress); Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA (Moeller); Translational Medicine, Sage Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA and McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA (O'Donnell); Division of Depression and Anxiety, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA (Pizzaggali); National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, USA (Ramey); Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA (Schacht); Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Zare-Bidoky); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA (Brady).ORCID 0000-0002-9463-2791
Owen CarmichaelDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA (Ekhtiari); Laureate Institute for Brain Research (LIBR), Tulsa, OK, USA (Ekhtiari, Paulus); School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Sangchooli); Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA (Carmichael); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA (Oquendo, Childress); Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA (Moeller); Translational Medicine, Sage Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA and McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA (O'Donnell); Division of Depression and Anxiety, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA (Pizzaggali); National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, USA (Ramey); Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA (Schacht); Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Zare-Bidoky); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA (Brady).ORCID 0000-0002-0576-0047
F Gerard MoellerDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA (Ekhtiari); Laureate Institute for Brain Research (LIBR), Tulsa, OK, USA (Ekhtiari, Paulus); School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Sangchooli); Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA (Carmichael); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA (Oquendo, Childress); Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA (Moeller); Translational Medicine, Sage Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA and McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA (O'Donnell); Division of Depression and Anxiety, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA (Pizzaggali); National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, USA (Ramey); Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA (Schacht); Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Zare-Bidoky); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA (Brady).
Patricio O'DonnellDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA (Ekhtiari); Laureate Institute for Brain Research (LIBR), Tulsa, OK, USA (Ekhtiari, Paulus); School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Sangchooli); Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA (Carmichael); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA (Oquendo, Childress); Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA (Moeller); Translational Medicine, Sage Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA and McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA (O'Donnell); Division of Depression and Anxiety, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA (Pizzaggali); National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, USA (Ramey); Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA (Schacht); Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Zare-Bidoky); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA (Brady).
Maria OquendoDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA (Ekhtiari); Laureate Institute for Brain Research (LIBR), Tulsa, OK, USA (Ekhtiari, Paulus); School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Sangchooli); Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA (Carmichael); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA (Oquendo, Childress); Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA (Moeller); Translational Medicine, Sage Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA and McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA (O'Donnell); Division of Depression and Anxiety, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA (Pizzaggali); National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, USA (Ramey); Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA (Schacht); Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Zare-Bidoky); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA (Brady).
Martin P PaulusDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA (Ekhtiari); Laureate Institute for Brain Research (LIBR), Tulsa, OK, USA (Ekhtiari, Paulus); School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Sangchooli); Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA (Carmichael); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA (Oquendo, Childress); Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA (Moeller); Translational Medicine, Sage Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA and McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA (O'Donnell); Division of Depression and Anxiety, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA (Pizzaggali); National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, USA (Ramey); Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA (Schacht); Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Zare-Bidoky); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA (Brady).ORCID 0000-0002-0825-3606
Diego A PizzagalliDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA (Ekhtiari); Laureate Institute for Brain Research (LIBR), Tulsa, OK, USA (Ekhtiari, Paulus); School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Sangchooli); Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA (Carmichael); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA (Oquendo, Childress); Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA (Moeller); Translational Medicine, Sage Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA and McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA (O'Donnell); Division of Depression and Anxiety, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA (Pizzaggali); National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, USA (Ramey); Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA (Schacht); Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Zare-Bidoky); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA (Brady).ORCID 0000-0002-7772-1143
Tatiana RameyDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA (Ekhtiari); Laureate Institute for Brain Research (LIBR), Tulsa, OK, USA (Ekhtiari, Paulus); School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Sangchooli); Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA (Carmichael); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA (Oquendo, Childress); Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA (Moeller); Translational Medicine, Sage Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA and McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA (O'Donnell); Division of Depression and Anxiety, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA (Pizzaggali); National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, USA (Ramey); Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA (Schacht); Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Zare-Bidoky); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA (Brady).ORCID 0000-0002-1909-2385
Joseph SchachtDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA (Ekhtiari); Laureate Institute for Brain Research (LIBR), Tulsa, OK, USA (Ekhtiari, Paulus); School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Sangchooli); Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA (Carmichael); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA (Oquendo, Childress); Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA (Moeller); Translational Medicine, Sage Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA and McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA (O'Donnell); Division of Depression and Anxiety, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA (Pizzaggali); National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, USA (Ramey); Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA (Schacht); Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Zare-Bidoky); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA (Brady).ORCID 0000-0003-4250-0495
Mehran Zare-BidokyDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA (Ekhtiari); Laureate Institute for Brain Research (LIBR), Tulsa, OK, USA (Ekhtiari, Paulus); School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Sangchooli); Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA (Carmichael); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA (Oquendo, Childress); Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA (Moeller); Translational Medicine, Sage Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA and McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA (O'Donnell); Division of Depression and Anxiety, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA (Pizzaggali); National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, USA (Ramey); Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA (Schacht); Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Zare-Bidoky); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA (Brady).ORCID 0000-0003-2572-8498
Anna Rose ChildressDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA (Ekhtiari); Laureate Institute for Brain Research (LIBR), Tulsa, OK, USA (Ekhtiari, Paulus); School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Sangchooli); Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA (Carmichael); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA (Oquendo, Childress); Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA (Moeller); Translational Medicine, Sage Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA and McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA (O'Donnell); Division of Depression and Anxiety, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA (Pizzaggali); National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, USA (Ramey); Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA (Schacht); Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Zare-Bidoky); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA (Brady).
Kathleen BradyDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA (Ekhtiari); Laureate Institute for Brain Research (LIBR), Tulsa, OK, USA (Ekhtiari, Paulus); School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia (Sangchooli); Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA (Carmichael); Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA (Oquendo, Childress); Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA (Moeller); Translational Medicine, Sage Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA and McLean Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA (O'Donnell); Division of Depression and Anxiety, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA (Pizzaggali); National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, USA (Ramey); Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA (Schacht); Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Zare-Bidoky); Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA (Brady).ORCID 0000-0002-3944-8051
Funding
The Center for Neuroscience-based Mental Health Assessment and Prediction (NEUROMAP)P20GM121312 · NIGMS · LAUREATE INSTITUTE FOR BRAIN RESEARCH · PI MARTIN P. PAULUS · 2017 to 2026
$23.7M15/21 ABCD-USA Consortium: Research Project Site at LIBRU01DA050989 · NIDA · LAUREATE INSTITUTE FOR BRAIN RESEARCH · PI ROBIN L AUPPERLE, MARTIN P. PAULUS · 2020 to 2026
$14.7MI3C DECADE: Disparities and Equity in Childhood Cardiovascular Exposures and Alzheimer's DementiaR01AG077497 · NIA · TULANE UNIVERSITY OF LOUISIANA · PI BAZZANO, LYDIA, CARMICHAEL, OWEN T. · 2022 to 2025
$11.9MRadiochemistry CoreP30DA046345 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI MACH, ROBERT H · 2019 to 2023
$9.4MDrug development of clavulanic acid, a GLT-1 activator: proof of concept for cocaine use disorderU01DA048517 · NIDA · TEMPLE UNIV OF THE COMMONWEALTH · PI MORRISON, MARY F. · 2020 to 2023
$5.1MT32 Translational Addiction Research Fellowship ProgramT32DA028874 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI Julie A Blendy, Anna Rose Childress · 2010 to 2026
$5.0MReducing African Americans' Alzheimer's Disease Risk Through Exercise-MCI Cohort (RAATE-MCI)R01AG067765 · NIA · LSU PENNINGTON BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH CTR · PI CARMICHAEL, OWEN T., NEWTON, ROBERT LEE · 2020 to 2025
$4.7MLifespan Cardiovascular Risk Exposures and Alzheimer-related brain health: Bogalusa Heart StudyRF1AG041200 · NIA · TULANE UNIVERSITY OF LOUISIANA · PI BAZZANO, LYDIA, CARMICHAEL, OWEN T. · 2019 to 2022
$4.2MReducing African Americans' Alzheimer's Disease Risk Through Exercise (RAATE)R01AG062200 · NIA · LSU PENNINGTON BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH CTR · PI CARMICHAEL, OWEN T., NEWTON, ROBERT LEE · 2019 to 2025
$3.9MSupplemental Funding Request for RF1 AG062309 Early life glycemic status and Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging markers in middle age: the Bogalusa Heart StudyR01AG062309 · NIA · TULANE UNIVERSITY OF LOUISIANA · PI BAZZANO, LYDIA, CARMICHAEL, OWEN T. · 2019 to 2023
$3.9MEarly Life Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors, Epigenetic Age Acceleration, and Alzheimer's Disease Related Brain HealthR01AG077000 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO · PI Lydia Bazzano, OWEN T. CARMICHAEL · 2022 to 2026
$3.6MA Clinical Laboratory with Integrated Neuroscience (CLIN) for Early Evaluation of Medications for Substance Use DisordersUG1DA050209 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA · PI CHILDRESS, ANNA ROSE, KAMPMAN, KYLE MATTHEW · 2020 to 2024
$3.1MNIA NIH HHS R01 AG041200NIA NIH HHS R01 AG062200NIA NIH HHS R01 AG062309NIA NIH HHS R01 AG067765NIA NIH HHS R01 AG069476NIA NIH HHS R01 AG077000NIA NIH HHS R01 AG077497NIA NIH HHS RF1 AG041200NIDA NIH HHS P30 DA046345NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA039215NIDA NIH HHS T32 DA028874NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA048517NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA050989NIDA NIH HHS UG1 DA050209NIGMS NIH HHS P20 GM121312
Abstract
As a neurobiological process, addiction involves pathological patterns of engagement with substances and a range of behaviors with a chronic and relapsing course. Neuroimaging technologies assess brain activity, structure, physiology, and metabolism at scales ranging from neurotransmitter receptors to large-scale brain networks, providing unique windows into the core neural processes implicated in substance use disorders. Identified aberrations in the neural substrates of reward and salience processing, response inhibition, interoception, and executive functions with neuroimaging can inform the development of pharmacological, neuromodulatory, and psychotherapeutic interventions to modulate the disordered neurobiology. Based on our systematic search, 409 protocols registered on ClinicalTrials.gov include the use of one or more neuroimaging paradigms as an outcome measure in addiction, with the majority (N=268) employing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), followed by positron emission tomography (PET) (N=71), electroencephalography (EEG) (N=50), structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (N=35) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) (N=35). Furthermore, in a PubMed systematic review, we identified 61 meta-analyses including 30 fMRI, 22 structural MRI, 8 EEG, 7 PET, and 3 MRS meta-analyses suggesting potential biomarkers in addictions. These studies can facilitate the development of a range of biomarkers that may prove useful in the arsenal of addiction treatments in the coming years. There is evidence that these markers of large-scale brain structure and activity may indicate vulnerability or separate disease subtypes, predict response to treatment, or provide objective measures of treatment response or recovery. Neuroimaging biomarkers can also suggest novel targets for interventions. Closed or open loop interventions can integrate these biomarkers with neuromodulation in real-time or offline to personalize stimulation parameters and deliver the precise intervention. This review provides an overview of neuroimaging modalities in addiction, potential neuroimaging biomarkers, and their physiologic and clinical relevance. Future directions and challenges in bringing these putative biomarkers from the bench to the bedside are also discussed.
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