ArticleJournal of neurology2024
Long-term outcomes in antibody-negative autoimmune encephalitis: a retrospective study.
Article in Journal of neurology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.
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Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed.
- Intrathecal immunoglobulin production in the diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring of autoimmune diseases of the central nervous system.Journal of translational autoimmunity · 2026Review
- Telitacicept as a potential therapeutic alternative in autoantibody-negative probable autoimmune encephalitis: a case report.BMC neurology · 2026Article
- Novel methods for neural IgG characterization and validation in autoimmune neurologic disorders.Journal of immunological methods · 2026Review
- Clinical Features and Outcomes in Adult Patients with Autoimmune Encephalitis Requiring Intensive Care: A Retrospective Cohort Study.Neurocritical care · 2026Article
- Clinical implications of free triiodothyronine levels and diagnostic revisions in antibody-negative autoimmune encephalitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Multi-omics integration in autoimmune encephalitis: from novel biomarker discovery to precision therapeutic strategies.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- "Language impairments in seropositive and seronegative autoimmune encephalitis".Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Article
- Clinical spectrum and long-term outcomes of antibody-negative severe autoimmune encephalitis: a retrospective study.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Tissue-based assay-confirmed, antibody-negative autoimmune encephalitis responsive to low-dose rituximab in an elderly patient.Journal of Alzheimer's disease reportsArticle
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7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND
objectiveDespite constituting one-third of suspected autoimmune encephalitis (AE) patients, antibody-negative cases without typical AE features are understudied. We aim to characterize the clinical phenotypes and long-term outcomes of "possible only" and "probable" AE cases.
methodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis of adult patients evaluated at Mayo Clinic's Autoimmune Neurology Clinic (01/01/2006-12/31/2020), meeting diagnostic criteria for "possible only" or "probable but antibody-negative" AE, with ≥ 1 year of follow-up. All patients underwent neural antibody testing.
resultsAmong fifty-one patients, six had a change in diagnosis (non-autoimmune, 2) and were excluded from further analysis. Forty-five patients were analyzed [median age, 61 years (range 20-88); female, 21 (47%); median follow-up, 36 months (range 12-174)]. A nadir modified Rankin Scale (mRS) ≥ 3 was recorded in 41/45 (91%). CSF was inflammatory in 20/44 (45%) and MRI had encephalitic changes in 21/45 (47%). Unclassified neural-specific IgG staining on tissue-based assay was detected in five (11%). Two patients (4%) had paraneoplastic causation. Relapses (> 3 months from onset) were noted in 14 (31%). Memory dysfunction (69%), attention deficits (38%), and gait instability (29%) were the most frequent at the last follow-up. Most patients (76%) were independent at the last follow-up and only two required an assistive device to ambulate; 11 patients (24%) had poor neurological outcome (mRS ≥ 3). Higher mRS score and gait assistance requirement at 3 months were predictive of poor outcome (P ≤ 0.01). DISCUSSION: Despite significant disability at initial disease stages, most antibody-negative AE patients regain independent functioning. Early functional status and gait assistance requirements may predict long-term prognosis.
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