ArticleEuropean journal of neurology2025
'Knock down the brain': a nonlinear analysis of electroencephalography to study the effects of sub-concussion in boxers.
Article in European journal of neurology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Pushing athletic performance boundaries with anodal transcranial direct current stimulation: an exploratory, pilot, randomized controlled study on strength and inflammation in elite weightlifters.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Assessing the biomechanical characteristics of defensive movements in elite boxers of different competitive levels.BMC sports science, medicine & rehabilitation · 2026Article
- Application of Electroencephalography (EEG) in Combat Sports-Review of Findings, Perspectives, and Limitations.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- 'Knock down the brain': a nonlinear analysis of electroencephalography to study the effects of sub-concussion in boxers.European journal of neurology · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
background and purposeBoxing is associated with a high risk of head injuries and increases the likelihood of chronic traumatic encephalopathy. This study explores the effects of sub-concussive impacts on boxers by applying both linear and nonlinear analysis methods to electroencephalogram (EEG) data.
methodsTwenty-one boxers were selected (mean ± SD, age 28.38 ± 5.5 years; weight 67.55 ± 8.90 kg; years of activity 6.76 ± 5.45; education 14.19 ± 3.08 years) and divided into 'beginner' and 'advanced' groups. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment and the Frontal Assessment Battery were administered; EEG data were collected in both eyes-open (EO) and eyes-closed (EC) conditions during resting states. Analyses of EEG data included normalized power spectral density (nPSD), power law exponent (PLE), detrended fluctuation analysis and multiscale entropy. Statistical analyses were used to compare the groups.
resultsSignificant differences in nPSD and PLE were observed between the beginner and advanced boxers, with advanced boxers showing decreased mean nPSD and PLE (nPSD 4-7 Hz, p = 0.013; 8-13 Hz, p = 0.003; PLE frontal lobe F3 EC, p = 0.010). Multiscale entropy analysis indicated increased entropy at lower frequencies and decreased entropy at higher frequencies in advanced boxers (F3 EC, p = 0.024; occipital lobe O1 EO, p = 0.029; occipital lobe O2 EO, p = 0.036). These changes are similar to those seen in Alzheimer's disease.
conclusionNonlinear analysis of EEG data shows potential as a neurophysiological biomarker for detecting the asymptomatic phase of chronic traumatic encephalopathy in boxers. This methodology could help monitor athletes' health and reduce the risk of future neurological injuries in sports.
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