Robotic Valve Turning with a Wheeled Mobile Manipulator via Hybrid Passive/Active Compliance.

This paper addresses the problems of valve-turning operation in rescue environments where a wheeled mobile manipulator (WMM) is employed, including the possible occurrence of large internal forces. Rather than attempting to obtain the exact position of the valve, this paper presents a solution to two main problems in robotic valve-turning operations: the radial position deviation between the rotation axes of the tool and the valve handle, which may cause large radial forces, and the possible axial displacement of the valve handle as the valve turns, which may lead to large axial forces. For the former problem, we designed a compliant end-effector with a tolerance of approximately 3.5° (angle) and 9.7 mm (position), and provided a hybrid passive/active compliance method. For the latter problem, a passivity-based force tracking algorithm was employed. Combining the custom-built compliant end-effector and the passivity-based control method can significantly reduce both the radial and the axial forces. Additionally, for valves with different installation types and WMMs with different configurations, we analyzed the minimum required number of actuators for valve turning. Simulation and experimental results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.