ArticleNutrients2024
Investigation of Human Milk as a Biological System in a Multicenter Mother-Infant Cohort: Protocol Design and Cohort Profile of the Phoenix Study.
Article in Nutrients, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- A Proteomic Atlas of Human Milk: Uncovering Milk Functional Components.Research square · 2026Article
- Dynamic Remodeling of the Human Milk Serum Proteome Across Lactation: A Paired Two-Stage DIA Proteomic Study in Term and Preterm Mothers.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Article
- The influence of human milk composition and its microbiome on the gut microecology and early growth and development of preterm infants (the YI study): protocol design and cohort profile.Frontiers in nutrition · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Breastfeeding and human milk are the gold standard for infant feeding. Studying human milk with a systems biology approach in a large longitudinal cohort is needed to understand its complexity and health implications. The Phoenix study is a multicenter cohort study focusing on the interactions of maternal characteristics, human milk composition, infant feeding practices, and health outcomes of Chinese mothers and infants. A total of 779 mother-infant dyads were recruited from November 2021 to September 2022, and 769 mother-infant dyads were enrolled in the study. Scheduled home visits took place at 1, 4, 6, and 12 months postpartum, and 696 dyads (90.5% participants) completed the 12-month visit. At each visit, maternal and infant anthropometry was assessed. Questionnaires were administered to collect longitudinal information on maternal characteristics and lifestyle, infant feeding, and health. Digital diaries were used to record maternal dietary intake, infant feeding, and stool character. Human milk, maternal feces, infant feces, and infant saliva were collected. An external pharmaceutical-level quality assurance approach was implied to ensure the trial quality. Multi-omics techniques (including glycomics, lipidomics, proteomics, and microbiomics) and machine learning algorithms were integrated into the sample and data analysis. The protocol design of the Phoenix study provides a framework for prospective cohort studies of mother-infant dyads and will provide insights into the complex dynamics of human milk and its interplay with maternal and infant health outcomes in the Chinese population.
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