ReviewJournal of clinical medicine2024
Cocaine- and Levamisole-Induced Vasculitis: Defining the Spectrum of Autoimmune Manifestations.
Review in Journal of clinical medicine, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 11 papers.
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Who cites it
11 citing papers in PubMed.
- Acral palpable purpura in a patient with nephritis and shortness of breath.JAAD case reports · 2026Article
- Cocaine-induced Pseudo-Granulomatosis Polyangiitis - Irish Rhinologic Society Guidelines.Irish journal of medical science · 2026Article
- Inflammatory blood count ratios discriminate disease activity and remain persistently elevated during glucocorticoid-free remission in ANCA-associated vasculitis.Clinical and experimental medicine · 2026Article
- Cocaine-Levamisole-Associated Vasculopathy Mimicking ANCA-Associated Vasculitis and Presenting With Pulmonary-Renal Syndrome Requiring VV-ECMO Support.The American journal of case reports · 2026Article
- Prevalence and types of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies in patients with nephrotic syndrome treated with levamisole.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Article
- Evolving Therapeutic Strategies in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis: Current Standards and Emerging Targets for GPA and MPA.Clinical reviews in allergy & immunology · 2026Review
- Polysaccharides fromFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Nasal septal perforation in pregnancy case report: A family medicine perspective.Journal of family medicine and primary care · 2025Article
- Cocaine- and Levamisole-Induced Vasculitis (CLIV).Cureus · 2025Review
- Cocaine-Triggered PR3-ANCA Vasculitis Localized to a Post-Surgical Neck Field: A Case of Locus Minoris Resistentiae in Drug-Induced Autoimmunity.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Retinal Vascular Complications in Cocaine Abuse: A Case Report and a Literature Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Drug-induced or associated vasculitis is a prevalent form of vasculitis that resembles primary idiopathic antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA) vasculitis (AAV). Cocaine is a diffuse psychostimulant drug and levamisole is a synthetic compound used to cut cocaine. Their abuse may result in a spectrum of autoimmune manifestations which could be categorized into three overlapping clinical pictures: cocaine-induced midline destructive lesion (CIMDL), levamisole-adulterated cocaine (LAC) vasculopathy/vasculitis, and cocaine-induced vasculitis (CIV). The mechanisms by which cocaine use leads to disorders resembling AAV are not well understood. Cocaine can cause autoimmune manifestations ranging from localized nasal lesions to systemic diseases, with neutrophils playing a key role through NETosis and ANCA development, which exacerbates immune responses and tissue damage. Diagnosing and treating these conditions becomes challenging when cocaine and levamisole abuse is not suspected, due to the differences and overlaps in clinical, diagnostic, therapeutic, and prognostic aspects compared to primary idiopathic vasculitides.
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