ArticleImmunity & ageing : I & A2024
Repeated COVID-19 mRNA vaccination results in IgG4 class switching and decreased NK cell activation by S1-specific antibodies in older adults.
Article in Immunity & ageing : I & A, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed.
- Vaccination-first immune priming shapes a sustained mRNA vaccine-induced IgG4 class switch that associates with SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection risk.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Simultaneous quantification of anti-Spike IgG subclasses against various SARS-CoV-2 variants using a multiplex serological assay.Medical microbiology and immunology · 2026Article
- Progressive Dissociation Between Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity After Four-Dose BNT162b2 Vaccination: A 36-Month Longitudinal Study.Vaccines · 2026Article
- IgG4 Neutralization and Sustained Total IgG Fc-Effector Functions Following Repeated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination with mRNA-1273.Infectious diseases and therapy · 2026Article
- Persistent Immune Dysregulation during Long COVID is Manifested in Antibodies Targeting Envelope and Nucleocapsid Proteins.Research square · 2026Article
- Fc effector functions in RNA viral infections: mechanisms of antiviral immunity and implications for vaccine design.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Class switching toward IgG4 six months after primary mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccination in kidney patients.PloS one · 2026Article
- SARS-CoV-2-specific B cell responses in non-draining lymph nodes and antibody functionalities in immunized end-stage renal disease patients.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- mRNA-1010 influenza vaccine elicits distinct and enhanced humoral immunity compared to adjuvanted inactivated vaccines.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Elicitation of neutralizing antibodies and IgG4 subclass switching following booster vaccination with ancestral COVID-19 mRNA vaccines does not reduce breakthrough infections.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2025Article
- Article
- Persistent Immune Dysregulation during Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 is Manifested in Antibodies Targeting Envelope and Nucleocapsid Proteins.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Repeated COVID-19 Vaccination as a Poor Prognostic Factor in Pancreatic Cancer: A Retrospective, Single-Center Cohort Study.Cancers · 2025Article
- Article
- Impact of Vaccine-Elicited Anti-Spike IgG4 Antibodies on Fc-Effector Functions Against SARS-CoV-2.Viruses · 2025Article
- Heterologous prime-boost vaccination with VLA2001 and an ORFV-based vector enhances spike- and nucleocapsid-specific immunity in mice.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Variant-adapted COVID-19 vaccine boosters enhance humoral immunity and limit IgG4 accumulation in solid cancer patients.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Vaccination and COVID-19: impact on long-COVID.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Article
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPrevious research has shown that repeated COVID-19 mRNA vaccination leads to a marked increase of SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific serum antibodies of the IgG4 subclass, indicating far-reaching immunoglobulin class switching after booster immunization. Considering that repeated vaccination has been recommended especially for older adults, the aim of this study was to investigate IgG subclass responses in the ageing population and assess their relation with Fc-mediated antibody effector functionality.
resultsSpike S1-specific IgG subclass concentrations (expressed in arbitrary units per mL), antibody-dependent NK cell activation, complement deposition and monocyte phagocytosis were quantified in serum from older adults (n = 38-50, 65-83 years) at one month post-second, -third and -fifth vaccination. Subclass distribution in serum was compared to that in younger adults (n = 64, 18-47 years) at one month post-second and -third vaccination. Compared to younger individuals, older adults showed increased levels of IgG2 and IgG4 at one month post-third vaccination (possibly related to factors other than age) and a further increase following a fifth dose. The capacity of specific serum antibodies to mediate NK cell activation and complement deposition relative to S1-specific total IgG concentrations decreased upon repeated vaccination. This decrease associated with an increased IgG4/IgG1 ratio.
conclusionsIn conclusion, these findings show that, like younger individuals, older adults produce antibodies with reduced functional capacity upon repeated COVID-19 mRNA vaccination. Additional research is needed to better understand the mechanisms underlying these responses and their potential implications for vaccine effectiveness. Such knowledge is vital for the future design of optimal vaccination strategies in the ageing population.
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