ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2025
The Effects of Vaccination Status and Age on Clinical Characteristics and Severity of Measles Cases in the United States in the Postelimination Era, 2001-2022.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed.
- Multiple Measles Transmission Events Associated With a Single Traveler Arriving in the United States, May 2025.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Clinical progress note: Measles.Journal of hospital medicine · 2026Review
- Measles Hospitalizations in Utah, 2025-2026.NEJM evidence · 2026Article
- Sustaining herd immunity against measles: Insights from a serological cohort study in an outbreak-free population.Infection · 2026Article
- Sustained suppression of measles in China despite a global resurgence: drivers, risks, and strategic preparedness.World journal of pediatrics : WJP · 2026Article
- Characteristics of Patients Hospitalized with Measles During an Outbreak - West Texas, January-March 2025.MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report · 2026Article
- The health and economic repercussions of declining MMR coverage in the United States.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026Article
- Measles - retrospective study of cases reported in a national notification system, Czech Republic, 2018-2024.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Measles: An Updated Literature Review of the Host Response, Pathogenesis, Complications, Prevention Measures, and Recent Outbreaks.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Measles is raging worldwide: are you at risk?Nature · 2026Article
- Interpreting Breakthrough Infections Given Assortative Mixing of Partially Vaccinated Populations.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Bayesian spatial modeling of measles outbreak in Texas, USA.Environmental and ecological statistics · 2026Article
- Oxidative Stress, Glutathione System Activity, and Zinc/Selenium Imbalance in Adult Measles of Varying Severity According to Vaccination Status.Infection and drug resistance · 2026Article
- Investigation of a measles outbreak in a highly vaccinated middle school, France, 2023.Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin · 2025Article
- Impact of measles vaccination on clinical characteristics and outcomes in children in Ramadi, Iraq.World journal of clinical pediatrics · 2025Article
- What every neuropathologist needs to know: Update on neuro infectious disease workups and consultation resources.Journal of neuropathology and experimental neurology · 2025Review
- Comparative Analysis of Long-Term Measles Immune Response After Natural Infection and Routine Vaccination in China.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Measles Update - United States, January 1-April 17, 2025.MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundDespite high vaccine effectiveness, wild-type measles can occur in previously vaccinated persons. We compared the clinical presentation and disease severity of measles by vaccination status and age in the postelimination era in the United States.
methodsWe included U.S. measles cases reported from 2001 to 2022. Breakthrough measles was defined as cases with ≥1 documented dose of measles-containing vaccine, classic measles as the presence of rash, fever, and ≥1 symptoms (cough, coryza, or conjunctivitis), and severe disease as the presence of pneumonia, encephalitis, hospitalization, or death. Vaccinated cases with low- and high-avidity immunoglobulin G were classified as primary (PVF) and secondary (SVF) vaccine failures, respectively.
resultsAmong 4056 confirmed measles cases, 2799 (69%) were unvaccinated, 475 (12%) were breakthrough infections, and 782 (19%) had unknown vaccination; 1526 (38%), 1174 (29%), and 1355 (33%) were aged <5, 5-19, and ≥20 years, respectively. We observed a general decline in classic presentation and severe disease with an increase in the number of doses and fewer complications among children aged 5-19 years compared to other age groups. Among 93 breakthrough cases with avidity results, 11 (12%) and 76 (82%) were classified as PVF and SVF, respectively, with a higher proportion of PVFs having a classic measles presentation and severe disease than SVFs. DISCUSSION: Breakthrough measles cases tended to have milder disease with less complications. A small proportion of breakthrough infections were due to PVF than SVF. It is critical to maintain high measles-mumps-rubella vaccination coverage in the United States to prevent serious measles illnesses.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.