Needle-induced cavitation: A method to probe the local mechanics of brain tissue.

Traditional mechanical characterization of extremely soft tissues is challenging given difficulty extracting tissue, satisfying geometric requirements, keeping tissues hydrated, and securing the tissue in an apparatus without slippage. The heterogeneous nature and structural complexity of brain tissues on small length scales makes it especially difficult to characterize. Needle-induced cavitation (NIC) is a technique that overcomes these issues and can mechanically characterize brain tissues at precise, micrometer-scale locations. This small-scale capability is crucial in order to spatially characterize diseased tissue states like fibrosis or cancer. NIC consists of inserting a needle into a tissue and pressurizing a fluid until a deformation occurs at the tip of the needle at a critical pressure. NIC is a convenient, affordable technique to measure mechanical properties, such as modulus and fracture energy, and to assess the performance of soft materials. Experimental parameters such as needle size and fluid flowrate are tunable, so that the end-user can control the length and time scales, making it uniquely capable of measuring local mechanical properties across a wide range of strain rates. The portable nature of NIC and capability to conduct in vivo experiments makes it a particularly appealing characterization technique compared to traditional methods. Despite significant developments in the technique over the last decade, wide implementation in the biological field is still limited. Here, we address the limitations of the NIC technique specifically when working with soft tissues and provide readers with expected results for brain tissue. Our goal is to assist others in conducting reliable and reproducible mechanical characterization of soft biomaterials and tissues.