ArticleTobacco induced diseases2024
Geographical location, cigarette risk perceptions, and current smoking among older US adults.
Article in Tobacco induced diseases, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Rural-urban residence in relation to cannabis use influences and behaviors among a sample of US young adults reporting past-month cannabis use.The American journal on addictions · 2026Article
- Rural-Urban Patterns in Household Rules Limiting Combustible Tobacco, Noncombustible Tobacco, and E-Cigarette Use.Annals of the American Thoracic Society · 2025Article
- Improving Research for COPD in Rural Areas: A Statement from the COPD Foundation Medical and Scientific Advisory Committee.Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (Miami, Fla.) · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionCigarette smoking and smoking-related lung disease are more common in rural (vs urban) areas of the United States (US). This study examined relationships between geographical location, cigarette risk perceptions, and current smoking among older adults who are at greatest risk of developing smoking-related lung disease.
methodsThe study was a secondary data analysis of 12126 respondents aged ≥40 years from Wave 5 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study. Weighted descriptive statistics and Poisson regressions assessed current smoking (vs never or former) as a function of geographical location in a stepwise fashion, first unadjusted, then adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, and finally for both sociodemographic characteristics and cigarette risk perceptions (4-item scale), in three separate models. Sensitivity analyses examined whether individual risk perceptions items had a greater impact on the association between geographical location and current smoking.
resultsCurrent smoking was more common among rural (20.6%) than urban (17.6%) residents. The risk ratio (RR) for rural (vs urban) residence on current smoking decreased from 1.17 (95% CI: 1.03-1.32) to 1.14 (95% CI: 1.01-1.29) to 1.08 (95% CI: 0.96-1.21) across the stepwise models. Lower cigarette risk perceptions confounded the rural-current smoking association and was an independent risk factor for smoking (adjusted RR, ARR=2.15; 95% CI: 1.94-2.18). In sensitivity analyses, believing that cigarettes are very or extremely (vs somewhat, slightly, or not at all) harmful to health and agreeing (vs not agreeing) that secondhand smoke causes lung disease in people who do not smoke, confounded the rural-current smoking association whereas beliefs about smoking causing lung cancer or lung disease in people who smoke did not.
conclusionsLower cigarette risk perceptions among rural residents confounded the positive association between rural residence and current smoking. Results from sensitivity analyses highlight potential targets for communication campaigns aimed at promoting more accurate perceptions of the harmful health consequences of cigarette smoking.
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