ArticleInfectious diseases of poverty2024
Global patterns of syphilis, gonococcal infection, typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, and leprosy from 1990 to 2021: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.
Article in Infectious diseases of poverty, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- Re-emerging syphilis among women of reproductive age: temporal dynamics, demographic drivers, inequalities and projections to 2046.New microbes and new infections · 2026Article
- Clinical recognition of pediatric diphtheria in a resource-limited Somali hospital: a prospective observational study.Tropical medicine and health · 2026Article
- Epidemiological burden of pertussis in children in Asia: a review of 1990-2021 data and future projections.Translational pediatrics · 2026Article
- Spatiotemporal heterogeneity and multiscale social influencing factors of syphilis in the mainland of China, 2005-2022.iScience · 2026Article
- Factors associated with preterm birth and low birth weight among syphilis-infected pregnant women.BMC infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Preclinical evaluation of a bivalent conjugate vaccine againstFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Global, regional, and national burden of tuberculosis, 1990-2050: a systematic comparative analysis based on retrospective cross-sectional of GBD 2021 and WHO surveillance systems.International journal of surgery (London, England) · 2026Article
- Technological innovations and breakthrough pathways in syphilis diagnosis: addressing global resurgence and the journey toward elimination.Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Review
- Global disease burden and trends of pertussis in individuals under 20 years old: 1990-2021-insights from the global burden of disease study 2021.Translational pediatrics · 2025Article
- Carbon footprint of the Chinese healthcare service: An environmentally extended input-output analysis.PLoS medicine · 2025Article
- Global, regional, and national burdens of pertussis among adults: a systematic analysis of age-specific trends using Global Burden of Diseases 2021 data.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2025Article
- Global burden of HIV, syphilis, and HBV infection among women of childbearing age and children under five: based on the Global Burden of Diseases Study 2021.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- Trends in epidemiological characteristics and etiologies of diarrheal disease in children under five: an ecological study based on Global Burden of Disease study 2021.Science in One Health · 2024Article
- Global, regional, and national burden of upper respiratory infections, 1990-2021: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease study 2021.Science in One Health · 2024Article
- The quality and content of gonorrhea-related short videos on TikTok: A cross-sectional study.Digital healthArticle
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12 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundCertain infectious diseases are caused by specific bacterial pathogens, including syphilis, gonorrhea, typhoid and paratyphoid fever, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, leprosy, and tuberculosis. These diseases significantly impact global health, contributing heavily to the disease burden. The study aims to thoroughly evaluate the global burden of syphilis, gonorrhea, typhoid and paratyphoid fever, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, and leprosy.
methodsLeveraging the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study 2021, age-specific and Socio-demographic Index (SDI)-specific incidence, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and death for eight specific bacterial infections across 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021 were analyzed. Percentage changes in age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), DALY rate, and mortality rate (ASMR) were also examined, with a focus on disease distribution across different regions, age groups, genders, and SDI.
resultsBy 2021, among the eight diseases, gonococcal infection had the highest global ASIR [1096.58 per 100,000 population, 95% uncertainty interval (UI): 838.70, 1385.47 per 100,000 population], and syphilis had the highest global age-standardized DALY rate (107.13 per 100,000 population, 95% UI: 41.77, 212.12 per 100,000 population). Except for syphilis and gonococcal infection, the age-standardized DALY rate of the remaining diseases decreased by at least 55% compared to 1990, with tetanus showing the largest decrease by at least 90%. Globally, significant declines in the ASIR, age-standardized DALY rate, and ASMR for these eight bacterial infections have been observed in association with increases in the SDI. Regions with lower SDI, such as sub-Saharan Africa, experienced a relatively higher burden of these eight bacterial infections.
conclusionsAlthough there has been an overall decline in these eight diseases, they continue to pose significant public health challenges, particularly in low SDI regions. To further reduce this burden in these areas, targeted intervention strategies are essential, including multi-sectoral collaboration, policy support, improved WASH management, and enhanced research efforts.
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