Trial reportAlzheimer's research & therapy2024
TRanscranial AlterNating current stimulation FOR patients with mild Alzheimer's Disease (TRANSFORM-AD): a randomized controlled clinical trial.
Trial report in Alzheimer's research & therapy, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 22 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Effects of TRanscranial AlterNating Current Stimulation FOR Patients With Mild Alzheimer's Disease (TRANSFORM-AD Study): A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
Stimulating the Aging Brain: Noninvasive Brain and Sensory Stimulation Strategies in Aging
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Effectiveness of noninvasive brain stimulation techniques on cognitive function in individuals with Alzheimer's disease and MCI: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Pooled it
- Comparative efficacy of neuromodulation techniques for Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Pooled it
- Effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation on cognitive function in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Pooled it
- 40 Hz biparietal transcranial alternating current stimulation for Alzheimer's disease: a prospective study.BMC medicine · 2026Trial
- Effects of 40-Hz transcranial alternating current stimulation on cognition and neural markers in Alzheimer's disease: a randomized, sham-controlled trial.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2026Trial
- Home-Based Gamma Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation in Patients With Alzheimer Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial.JAMA network open · 2025Trial
- Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Alzheimer's Disease Cognitive Impairment: A Narrative Review of Clinical Trials.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Neurobiological mechanisms of 40-Hz stimulation in Alzheimer's disease: evidence, heterogeneity, and constraints.Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association · 2026Review
- Review
- Noninvasive Brain Stimulation Techniques and Their Efficacy in Treating Cognition and Memory in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease-A Systematic Review.Brain sciences · 2026Review
- Gamma low field magnetic stimulation ameliorates pathophysiological damage and cognitive impairments in AD mice.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2026Article
- Mechanisms and clinical applications of transcranial alternating current stimulation in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders: Current evidence and future directions.Chinese medical journal · 2026Review
- A meta-analysis of the effect of non-invasive neuromodulation techniques on improving cognitive function in patients with Alzheimer's disease.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Review
- Frequency- and Layer-Specific Modulation of Cortical Neuronal Activity by Pulsed Electrical Stimulation.MedComm · 2026Article
- Personalized, home-based transcranial alternating current stimulation for memory improvement in mild cognitive impairment: randomized, sham-controlled clinical trial protocol.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Article
- Non-invasive neuromodulation techniques for cognitive impairment intervention.American journal of translational research · 2026Review
- Targeting glymphatic-associated pathways for Alzheimer's disease: a review of non-invasive modulation strategies, mechanisms, and emerging evidence.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Cognitive improvement by non-pharmacological electrical stimulation modalities in mild cognitive impairment: a protocol for systematic review and network meta-analysis.Frontiers in aging neuroscience · 2026Article
- Non-contact radiofrequency stimulation to the olfactory nerve of human subjects.APL bioengineering · 2025Article
- Salivaomics: New Frontiers in Studying the Relationship Between Periodontal Disease and Alzheimer's Disease.Metabolites · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
25 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe mechanistic effects of gamma transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) on hippocampal gamma oscillation activity in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) remains unclear. This study aimed to clarify beneficial effects of gamma tACS on cognitive functioning in AD and to elucidate effects on hippocampal gamma oscillation activity.
methodsThis is a double-blind, randomized controlled single-center trial. Participants with mild AD were randomized to tACS group or sham group, and underwent 30 one-hour sessions of either 40 Hz tACS or sham stimulation over consecutive 15 days. Cognitive functioning, structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and simultaneous electroencephalography-functional MRI (EEG-fMRI) were evaluated at baseline, the end of the intervention and at 3-month follow-up from the randomization.
resultsA total of 46 patients were enrolled (23 in the tACS group, 23 in the sham group). There were no group differences in the change of the primary outcome, 11-item cognitive subscale of the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS-Cog) score after intervention (group*time, p = 0.449). For secondary outcomes, compared to the control group, the intervention group showed significant improvement in MMSE (group*time, p = 0.041) and MoCA scores (non-parametric test, p = 0.025), which were not sustained at 3-month follow-up. We found an enhancement of theta-gamma coupling in the hippocampus, which was positively correlated with improvements of MMSE score and delayed recall. Additionally, fMRI revealed increase of the local neural activity in the hippocampus.
conclusionEffects on the enhancement of theta-gamma coupling and neural activity within the hippocampus suggest mechanistic models for potential therapeutic mechanisms of tACS.
trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03920826; Registration Date: 2019-04-19.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.