ArticleBMC medicine2024
Association of depressive symptoms with incidence and mortality rates of COVID-19 over 2 years among healthcare workers in 20 countries: multi-country serial cross-sectional study.
Article in BMC medicine, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04352634 (The Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of Workers in Health Services), which is not on this map. Cited by 6 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of Workers in Health Services: The Covid-19 HEalth caRe wOrkErS (HEROES) Study
Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Post-traumatic growth and professional fulfillment among health care workers after the COVID-19 pandemic: a 2-wave longitudinal study in Japan.Journal of occupational health · 2026Article
- Addressing Stress and Rhythm Dysregulation among Health Workers in the Post-Pandemic Context: An Italian Study and a Proposal for a Preventive Psychoeducational Intervention.Clinical practice and epidemiology in mental health : CP & EMH · 2026Article
- Suicidality and/or Death-Related Thoughts in Health Workers After Pandemics: The Role of DYMERS.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Influencing Factors of Health Status of Clinical Doctors in Tertiary Medical Institutions Based on Structural Equation Modeling.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Trusting in times of the COVID-19 crisis: Workplace and government trust and depressive symptoms among healthcare workers.Global mental health (Cambridge, England) · 2025Article
- Researchers' agency and the boundaries of global mental health: perspectives from and about Latin America.BMJ global health · 2024Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
43 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundLong-term deterioration in the mental health of healthcare workers (HCWs) has been reported during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Determining the impact of COVID-19 incidence and mortality rates on the mental health of HCWs is essential to prepare for potential new pandemics. This study aimed to investigate the association of COVID-19 incidence and mortality rates with depressive symptoms over 2 years among HCWs in 20 countries during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.
methodsThis was a multi-country serial cross-sectional study using data from the first and second survey waves of the COVID-19 HEalth caRe wOrkErS (HEROES) global study. The HEROES study prospectively collected data from HCWs at various health facilities. The target population included HCWs with both clinical and non-clinical roles. In most countries, healthcare centers were recruited based on convenience sampling. As an independent variable, daily COVID-19 incidence and mortality rates were calculated using confirmed cases and deaths reported by Johns Hopkins University. These rates represent the average for the 7 days preceding the participants' response date. The primary outcome was depressive symptoms, assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. A multilevel linear mixed model (LMM) was conducted to investigate the association of depressive symptoms with the average incidence and mortality rates.
resultsA total of 32,223 responses from the participants who responded to all measures used in this study on either the first or second survey, and on both the first and second surveys in 20 countries were included in the analysis. The mean age was 40.1 (SD = 11.1), and 23,619 responses (73.3%) were from females. The 9323 responses (28.9%) were nurses and 9119 (28.3%) were physicians. LMM showed that the incidence rate was significantly and positively associated with depressive symptoms (coefficient = 0.008, standard error 0.003, p = 0.003). The mortality rate was significantly and positively associated with depressive symptoms (coefficient = 0.049, se = 0.020, p = 0.017).
conclusionsThis is the first study to show an association between COVID-19 incidence and mortality rates with depressive symptoms among HCWs during the first 2 years of the outbreak in multiple countries. This study's findings indicate that additional mental health support for HCWs was needed when the COVID-19 incidence and mortality rates increase during and after the early phase of the pandemic, and these findings may apply to future pandemics.
trial registrationClinicaltrials.gov, NCT04352634.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.