Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39262666›Full record

ArticleDrug and alcohol dependence reports2024

Perceptions of a naloxone leave behind program among emergency medical services personnel in Michigan, USA.

Jason Brian Gibbons, Olivia K Sugarman, Lauren Byrne, Samantha J Harris, Hridika Shah, Eric G Hulsey, Julie Rwan, Esther Mae Rosner, Anthony Pantaleo, Emily Bergquist and 1 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Drug and alcohol dependence reports, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Assessment of a County-Wide, Pan-First Responder Take-Home Naloxone Program in Denver, Colorado.Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians open · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Jason Brian GibbonsDepartment of Health Systems, Management and Policy, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E 17th Pl, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
Olivia K SugarmanDepartment of Health Policy and Management, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns, Hopkins University, 624 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
Lauren ByrneDepartment of Health Policy and Management, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns, Hopkins University, 624 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
Samantha J HarrisDepartment of Health Policy and Management, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns, Hopkins University, 624 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
Hridika ShahDepartment of Health Policy and Management, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns, Hopkins University, 624 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
Eric G HulseyOverdose Prevention Program, Vital Strategies, 100 Broadway, 4th Floor, New York, NY, 10005, USA.
Julie RwanOverdose Prevention Program, Vital Strategies, 100 Broadway, 4th Floor, New York, NY, 10005, USA.
Esther Mae RosnerOverdose Prevention Program, Vital Strategies, 100 Broadway, 4th Floor, New York, NY, 10005, USA.
Anthony PantaleoMichigan Department of Health and Human Services, USA.
Emily BergquistMichigan Department of Health and Human Services, USA.
Brendan SalonerDepartment of Health Policy and Management, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns, Hopkins University, 624 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Introduction: In 2020, Michigan implemented its first Naloxone Leave-Behind Program for Emergency Medical Service (EMS) field providers. Under the program, EMS field providers leave naloxone kits to individuals aged 15 or older they encounter in the field who have overdosed, who indicate they have a substance use disorder, or exhibit signs of opioid use and/or to bystanders, friends, or family that are present at the encounter. Methods: Survey of EMS field providers and administrators to assess perspectives on the Michigan NLB program. Comparisons of perspectives between field providers and administrators working in EMS agencies operating in medical control authorities (MCAs) participating in the NLB program (i.e., participating agencies) with field providers and administrators working for EMS agencies serving non-participating MCAs. Results: Most EMS field providers and administrators supported the Michigan NLB program. However, some were concerned about the unintended consequences of leaving behind naloxone, including the potential for recipients to use more drugs or be less likely to seek treatment. Perspectives of NLB program effectiveness were similar between EMS administrators and field providers. Participating administrators' top-cited barrier to implementation was convincing field providers to leave behind naloxone, while non-participating administrators were concerned with stocking naloxone kits. Conclusions: Additional engagement and training to address concerns by EMS field providers and administrators about the benefits of the NLB program are needed to expand program participation intensity. Streamlining naloxone procurement and increasing messaging about free access to naloxone for participating in the program may help increase adoption.

Indexed as

Emergency medical servicesNaloxone leave behindOpioid overdose

Identifiers

PMID39262666
PMCPMC11387810

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.