Predicting improvement in biofeedback gait training using short-term spectral features from minimum foot clearance data.

Stroke rehabilitation interventions require multiple training sessions and repeated assessments to evaluate the improvements from training. Biofeedback-based treadmill training often involves 10 or more sessions to determine its effectiveness. The training and assessment process incurs time, labor, and cost to determine whether the training produces positive outcomes. Predicting the effectiveness of gait training based on baseline minimum foot clearance (MFC) data would be highly beneficial, potentially saving resources, costs, and patient time. This work proposes novel features using the Short-term Fourier Transform (STFT)-based magnitude spectrum of MFC data to predict the effectiveness of biofeedback training. This approach enables tracking non-stationary dynamics and capturing stride-to-stride MFC value fluctuations, providing a compact representation for efficient processing compared to time-domain analysis alone. The proposed STFT-based features outperform existing wavelet, histogram, and Poincaré-based features with a maximum accuracy of 95%, F1 score of 96%, sensitivity of 93.33% and specificity of 100%. The proposed features are also statistically significant (